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近十年来,双壳类在水产业中的地位日趋重要。由于对赤潮的发生存有预警作用,其在环境科学中的价值日益受到重视。有关双壳类基因组学和蛋白质组学的研究进展很快。上世纪,双壳类基因组结构、功能和进化等方面的研究才刚刚开始,现在已经开始研究双壳类基因连锁图谱、基因转录和蛋白质组学。与双壳贝类生产性能相关的分子生物学特性研究报道越来越多。主要的研究热点是双壳类重大疾病的易感性、双壳类对环境压力的耐受力以及生长状况的分子基础等。太平洋牡蛎（Crassostreagigas）是目前双壳类基因组关注的焦点,被推荐为首选的双壳类基因组学模式动物,正在筹划对其进行全基因组测序。明确了双壳类在污染监测中的作用,可以从双壳类细胞和机体与共息生物之间的关系来进一步研究,由此扩展到浮游植物的毒理效应领域的基因组研究。从养殖增殖考虑,今后需重点对双壳类的生长、性别决定和生殖腺发育等方面的基因调控以及幼虫阶段的某些基本过程的基因控制方面进行研究,进而推广到实际生产应用中。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT: Yellow clay dispersion has been applied to mitigate red tides in Korea since 1995. The present study documents the effect on physiology of two marine bivalves by examinations of clay uptake, respiration, and clearance rate ( CR ) of animals after the treatment of yellow clay. The amount of clay in gills and inside cavities of shellfish was increased with time, and the inside of the shellfish filled with clay in 2 h. The ejection of the accumulated clay was evident from as early as 30 min after removal from clay pools. Animals removed from the clay pool discharged all observable clay by 6 h. Within 30 min, CR decreased quickly and returned to the level of the untreated control groups within 2 h. 相似文献
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Igor Popov 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(11):3319-3325
- Freshwater pearl mussels (family Margaritiferidae) are sensitive to human impact and environmental changes. Large declines in their abundance have prompted studies of distribution and estimations of population densities.
- Iturup Island, a part of Kuril Islands, Russia, is considered to be within the distribution area of freshwater pearl mussels, but this information is based on only two specimens collected several decades ago. Detailed survey of the island is challenging as most of its territory is nearly impassable.
- A preliminary analysis of island rivers was carried out prior to the surveys to discover potential freshwater pearl mussel habitats. Based on previous experience from European Russia, freshwater pearl mussel habitat was expected to occur in rivers flowing out of lowland lakes.
- Live individuals of Margaritifera laevis were found during surveys in one river together with the unionid Beringiana beringiana, which were also found in two other rivers where the predicted habitat occurred. Based on prediction and surveys, the occurrence of freshwater pearl mussels in other rivers of Iturup Island is unlikely.
- Pearl mussels were concentrated in a small section of the Zmeika River with a population of about 100,000 mussels. Present threats to the population include overharvest of host fish masou salmon (Oncorhynchus masou).
- Surveys using similar methods can help to reveal unknown freshwater mussel populations on other Kuril Islands and on the mainland.
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Sophie Girard Catherine Mariojouls 《Aquaculture Economics & Management (Blackwell Science)》2013,17(5-6):319-333
Abstract Shellfish farming is the most common and the longest established aquaculture activity in France and in the EU15. Unlike for most other aquatic species, the bulk of French supplies of mussels and oysters come from mariculture. France is the leading European producer of oysters and is almost self sufficient in oysters. The sustainable development of shellfish farming is analysed through a “market and consumer‐ oriented‐approach”, covering trading and marketing issues as well as consumer analysis. Comparisons between mussel and oyster markets highlights some key differences in terms of their distribution network, demand attributes, consumer profiles and regions. There are differences in identification of origin and quality labelling approaches. Producer organizations are becoming more involved in such matters but they do not have the same stake in the two sectors. A review of the current quality control schemes applied in marketing both farmed oysters and mussels completes the economic analysis of these French bivalve markets. 相似文献
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Microbial environments in marine larviculture:Impacts of algal growth rates on the bacterial load in six microalgae 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ingrid Salvesen Kjell Inge Reitan Jorunn Skjermo Gunvor Øie 《Aquaculture International》2000,8(4):275-287
The impacts of varying algal growth rates on the bacterial load in the cultures were studied for six marine microalgae: Skeletonema costatum ,Chaetoceros mülleri (Bacillariophyceae), Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae), Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri (Haptophyceae), and Tetraselmis sp. (Prasinophyceae). Samples were taken in batch cultures during early exponential phase and in stationary phase when the growth rate was below 5% of maximum growth rate (µmax). Except for C. mülleri and N. oculata, the microalgae were thereafter grown semi-continuously at dilution rates of 20% and 60% of µmax and samples taken during a period of 10 days.Higher bacterial levels were associated with slow-growing microalgae on a per volume basis. Per algal cell, variations in the bacterial load were more related to species. Relatively high bacterial densities (5.7–16.4 CFU algal cell–1) with large proportions of opportunistic and haemolytic species were associated with the Bacillariophyceae. For the other species, the bacterial density was 0.2–4.3 CFU algal cell–1. Bacterial levels were in general lower and not affected to the same extent by algal growth conditions in Tetraselmis sp. and P. lutheri. No or very low levels of presumptive Vibrio spp. were observed, except in semi-continuous cultures of P. lutheri. Cultures of Tetraselmis sp. had low levels of opportunistic bacteria at all growth conditions. 相似文献
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Carrasco N Arzul I Chollet B Robert M Joly JP Furones MD Berthe FC 《Journal of fish diseases》2008,31(7):497-504
Paracartia grani (Copepoda) has been identified as a potential intermediate host in the life cycle of Marteilia refringens , a paramyxean parasite infecting flat oysters. However, no intermediate host has yet been identified for Marteilia maurini that infects mussels. A better understanding of the life cycle of these two Marteilia types would clarify their taxonomic relationship and hypothesized co-specificity. For this purpose, experimental infections of copepods, P. grani , were performed using naturally infected flat oysters and mussels. Infection patterns were different depending whether copepods were infected from oysters or mussels. M. maurini did not proliferate in copepods while M. refringens rapidly proliferated in infected copepods. Previously unrecognized developmental stages of M. refringens were found during this study. 相似文献
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The ark shell Anadara granosa is a species peculiar to the Ariake Sound. To determine why distribution of A. granosa in Japan is largely confined to this area, we examined feeding and growth of A. granosa as functions of environmental and biological variables. The results were compared with those of another ark shell Scapharca subcrenata, which is ubiquitous in Japan. Feeding experiments indicated that A. granosa is eurythermal and euryhaline, as is S. subcrenata, but is adapted to temperature slightly higher than S. subcrenata. Weight-specific clearance rate (CR) of A. granosa as a function of soft-body dry-weight (w) followed the power function of w (CR=2.7×w
−0.37), with coefficient and exponent very close to those for S. subcrenata. Growth rate of A. granosa increased linearly with daily ration, similar to S. subcrenata. Thus, feeding and growth characteristics of A. granosa were comparable to those of S. subcrenata and no ‘peculiarities’ of the former were detected. Therefore, the factors that make A. granosa a species restricted to the sound are probably not directly related to feeding or growth characteristics. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT: To assess the roles of the ark shell Scapharca subcrenata in material cycling in the northern part of Ariake Sound (Mae-no-umi), Japan, filtration of the ark shell fed on small diatoms was examined as a function of environmental and biological variables. The clearance rate ( CR ) specific to the soft-body dry weight ( w ) of the animals (shell length, 8–26 mm) followed a power function of w with an exponent of −0.35. Over the range of 10–20°C, CR increased 2.7 times, and filtration did not occur below a salinity of 14 practical salinity unit. Neither food concentration (10–40 µg/L of chlorophyll- a ) nor weight-specific daily ration (0.5–6%/day in terms of ash-free dry weight) notably affected CR . Using this information on CR as well as data regarding abundance and size distribution, the population filtration rate was calculated to be 1.6 m3 /m2 per day in the ark-shell culturing ground of Mae-no-umi (mean water depth, ∼3 m), corresponding to the potential to locally process a volume of water equivalent to the water column within 2 days. Because the culturing ground accounts for 12% of Mae-no-umi (mean water depth, ∼8 m), the ark shell seems to play an important role in its material cycling. 相似文献
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Sex-specific growth and condition of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to study the possibility of gaining commercial benefit from culturing an excess of one sex of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), comparative data on the growth rate and condition of male and female oysters are reported. Historically, measurement of sex‐specific growth rate in oysters has been overlooked or confounded by protandric sex. The recent conclusion that the sex ratio of Pacific oysters is predominantly under genetic rather than environmental control introduces the possibility of manipulating sex ratio for commercial gain if they exhibit asynchronous sex‐specific growth rates. Pacific oysters were cultured intertidally in Smoky Bay, south Australia. The observations, made over the 7‐month gametogenic cycle from August to February to ensure no sex reversal, were of growth rates of male and female oysters and ambient chlorophyll a concentrations. Mean shell growth of female oysters was significantly faster than that of males (4.5 ± 3.3 compared with 3.8 ± 3.2 μm day?1 mm?1 total length). Sex‐specific asymmetries in length and weight were generally significant and increased in magnitude during the 7‐month study period, suggesting potential commercial benefits from increasing the proportion of cultured female oysters. The fastest increase in the sex‐specific disparity in growth and condition came after the October chlorophyll a peak, suggesting that females utilize blooms more efficiently than males. Our results compare favourably with methods currently used to increase oyster growth (e.g. triploidy can provide growth gains of 13–51%). 相似文献