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Lauren C. Connell Lauren M. Porensky John Derek Scasta 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(2):360-373
Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) have high dietary overlap with livestock, which can cause forage-centric conflicts between agriculture and conservation. Research suggests prairie dogs can enhance forage quality, but trade-offs between quality and quantity throughout the growing season remain unclear, as well as the degree to which increased forage quality is caused by altered species composition versus altered plant physiology. To assess the effects of prairie dog herbivory on forage in a northern mixed-grass prairie, we collected samples on prairie dog colonies and at sites without prairie dogs during June, July, and August 2016 - 2017 for forage quality, and August 2015 - 2017 for herbaceous biomass. To isolate mechanisms affecting forage quality, we collected both composite samples of all herbaceous species and samples of western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] Á. Löve). Across years and plant sample types, crude protein, phosphorus, and fat were 12-44% greater and neutral detergent fiber was 6-10% lower on prairie dog colonies than at sites without prairie dogs. The effects of prairie dogs on forage quality persisted throughout the season for western wheatgrass samples (all treatment*time p-values ≥ 0.4). Across years, aboveground herbaceous biomass did not differ significantly between prairie dog colonies and sites without prairie dogs (on-colony: 933 ± 156 kg/ha, off-colony: 982 ± 117 kg/ha). The effects of prairie dogs on herbaceous biomass were significantly influenced by spring precipitation. In years with dry springs, herbaceous biomass was lower on colonies than sites without prairie dogs and this pattern was reversed in years with wet springs. Our results demonstrate season-long enhanced forage quality on prairie dog colonies, indicating that multiple mechanisms are shaping forage quality in this system, including altered species composition, phenological growth stage, and soil condition. Across years, enhanced forage quality may help to offset reductions in forage quantity for agricultural producers. 相似文献
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底质是魁蚶稚贝潜沙、水平移动、存活与生长的重要环境因素,选择底质适宜的海区开展底播增殖,可以有效提高魁蚶稚贝的增殖效果,但目前仍缺乏相关研究。因此,在实验室条件下,研究了10 mm<壳长<15 mm、15 mm<壳长<20 mm、20 mm<壳长<25 mm、25 mm<壳长<30 mm 4种规格魁蚶稚贝对4种底质粒径(细砾、粗砂、中砂、细砂)的选择模式,并量化分析了20 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝在5种底质粒径(增设泥底质)条件下的潜沙能力。结果表明:(1)10 mm<壳长<15 mm稚贝的足丝较发达,以附着生活为主,明显偏好粗砂底质,其在两种底质交界位置的分布率、水槽的贴壁率均最高;15 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝转入营埋栖生活,随着规格的增大,稚贝选择的底质粒径亦增大,而在2种底质交界位置的分布率、水槽贴壁率也随之减小。其中15 mm<壳长<20 mm稚贝偏好选择中砂,分布率为50.50%,其次为细砂;20 mm<壳长<25 mm稚贝对不同粒径底质的适应性均较强;25 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝偏好选择粗砂底质,分布率达到65%,其次为中砂。(2)20 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝在淤泥底质中的初潜时间最短,为2.74 min,其次为中沙、细沙;在细砂底质中的潜沙率最高,达到85%,其次为中沙。综合分析认为,20 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝是较适宜的底播苗种规格,而以中砂(0.25 mm<粒径<0.5 mm)和细砂(粒径<0.25 mm)为主要粒径组成的海区宜进行魁蚶稚贝的底播增殖。 相似文献
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克氏原螯虾掘洞行为研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)掘洞时间多在夜间,可持续掘洞6~8 h,一夜挖掘深度成虾可达40 cm,幼虾可达25 cm。成虾的洞穴深度大部分在50~80 cm之间,少部分可以达到80~150 cm;幼虾洞穴的深度在10~25 cm之间;体长1.2 cm的稚虾已经具备掘洞的能力,洞穴深度在10~20 cm之间。洞穴分为简单洞穴和复杂洞穴两种:85%的洞穴是简单的,即只有一条穴道,位于水面上、下10 cm之间;15%较复杂,即有2条以上的穴道,位于水面以上20 cm处。洞穴的密度为2.8~5.6个/m2。每个洞穴中一般有1~2只虾,但冬季也常发现一个洞中有3~5只虾。克氏原螯虾在繁殖季节掘洞强度增大,在寒冷的冬季,掘洞强度微弱。 相似文献