Biodiversity in a germplasm collection of durum wheat     

Luciano Pecetti  Paolo Annicchiarico  Ardeshir B. Damania 《Euphytica》1992,60(3):229-238

Summary Over 7,600 durum wheat accessions belonging to 22 country gene pools were evaluated in Syria, during the seasons 1985–86 through 1987–88 under semi-arid Mediterranean climatic conditions. Data on seven agronomic traits are presented to assess the distinctiveness and the phenotypic diversity of these pools. Univariate statistical analysis revealed differences among materials of diverse origins for all traits. Mean phenotypic diversity within countries was highest in the germplasm from India, lowest in that from Bulgaria. In a canonical variate analysis, the first three canonical variables explained 77.7% of the total variance. A cluster analysis was performed to supplement the generated information by the canonical analysis. The multivariate analyses evidenced the distinctiveness of the Ethiopian germplasm. The gene pools from Syria and Jordan, closely resembling each other, appeared separate from all others. A certain peculiarity was also shown by the germplasms from Greece, Morocco and France, while the remaining countries clustered into four groups. The results of the present evaluation could provide useful information for breeding activities, germplasm collection, and establishment of core collections. Evidence is presented that environment played a major role in creating the overall variation for the considered traits, although germplasm exchange seemed also an important factor.  相似文献   

The origin,evolution, cultivation,dissemination, and diversification of Asian and African rices   总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28  

Te-Tzu Chang 《Euphytica》1976,25(1):425-441

Summary Available evidences drawn from biosystematics, evolutionary biology, biogeography, archaeology, history, anthropology, paleo-geology and paleo-meteorology are pooled to reconstruct the series of events that led to the cosmopolitan cultivation of the Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) and the regionalized planting of the African cultigen (O. glaberrima) in West Africa. The genus Oryza originated in the Gondwanaland continents and, following the fracture of the supercontinent, became widely distributed in the humid tropics of Africa, South America, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The two cultivated species have had a common progenitor in the distant past. Parallel and independent evolutionary processes occurred in Africa and in Asia, following the sequence of: wild perennialwild annualcultivated annual. The weed races also contributed to the differentiation of the cultivated annuals. The corresponding members of the above series are O. longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glaberrima Steud., and the stapfii forms of O. glaberrima in Africa; O. rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma et Shastry, O. sativa L., and the spontanea forms of O. sativa in Asia.The differentiation and diversification of the annuals in South Asia were accelerated by marked climatic changes following the last glacial age, dispersal of plants over latitude or altitude, human selection, and manipulation of the cultural environment.Cultivation of rice began in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, probably first in Ancient India. Cultural techniques such as puddling and transplanting were first developed in north and central China and later transmitted to Southeast Asia. Wetland culture preceded dryland culture in China, but in hilly areas of Southeast Asia, dryland cultivation is older than lowland culture. The planting method progressed from shifting cultivation to direct sowing in permanent fields, then to transplanting in bunded fields.Widespread dispersal of the Asian cultigen led to the formation of three eco-geographic races (Indica. Sinica or Japonica, and Javanica) and distinct cultural types in monsoon Asia (upland, lowland, and deep water). Varietal types changed readily within the span of a millenium, largely due to cultivators' preferences, socio-religious traditions, and population pressure. Genetic differentiation developed parallel to the ecologic diversification process.The African cultigen developed later than the Asian cultigen and has undergone less diversification. The wild races in South America and Oceania retain their primitive features mainly due to lack of cultivation pressure or dispersal.Both the African and Asian rices are still undergoing evolutionary changes at habitats where the wild, weed, and cultivated races co-exist.  相似文献   

Recent advances in molecular genetics of forest trees   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

M.R. Ahuja 《Euphytica》2001,121(2):173-195

The use of molecular markers has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genome structure of forest trees. Conifers, in particular, have a relatively large genome, containing a very high proportion of repeated DNA, consisting of tandemly repetitive and dispersed repetitive DNA sequences. The nature of highly conserved tandemly repetitive rRNA genes has been investigated in a number of tree species, and their sites mapped on specific chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Different families of retrotransposons (IFG, and TPE1) have been isolated and characterized from the dispersed repetitive DNA of pines. Genome maps have been constructed in a number of forest tree genera: Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Cryptomeria, Taxus, Populus, and Eucalyptus. EST databases have been established from cDNA clones of pines and poplars. The structure and maternal or paternal modes of inheritance of organelle genomes have been investigated in forest trees. Comparative mapping in conifers has shown that gene families are conserved across genera. Due to lack of polyploidy in conifers, the evolution of this group of trees may have occurred primarily by duplication and dispersal of genes, probably by retrotranspositions, to form complex gene families. The evolution of angiosperm tree species has presumably involved both gene duplication as well as genome duplication (polyploidy). Application of genetic engineering has shown that genes from phylogenetically unrelated organisms can be introduced and expressed in trees, thus offering prospects of genetic improvement of forest trees. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Variation for dry matter yield,seed yield and other agronomic traits in Ladino white clover landraces and natural populations     

Paolo Annicchiarico 《Euphytica》1993,71(1-2):131-141

Summary A set of Ladino white clover ecotypes including the last available landraces and some natural populations collected from old permanent meadows, together with some white clover varieties of various origins, were evaluated as monocultures for dry matter (DM) and seed yield assessed in separate field experiments. Other agronomic traits were also recorded. The best performing variety, Espanso, was significantly outyielded by some ecotypes for DM and seed production. Compared to landraces, natural populations yielded on average far less seed but as much DM and tended towards higher persistence indicating that domestication of the native Ladino at the farm level only improved seed yield of the crop. Natural populations showed, besides lower values of most seed yield components, a distinct canopy architecture characterized by smaller leaves, longer internodes and denser stolons. Seed weight proved the best character discriminating between the two ecotype groups. Significant variation for most traits was found both among landraces, in which it was mostly relatable to differences among provenances, and among natural populations. The relations between the main multivariate patterns of phenotypic variation and a set of environment collecting variables suggested that evolutive adaptation to different agronomic practices was a major determinant of the overall variation found in landraces. Evidence is provided that a relevant part of the variation observed among ecotypes for some important traits could be genetic.Abbreviations DM dry matter - DMY dry matter yield - NRH number of ripe heads - NFH number of florets per head - PL petiole length - LS leaf size - IL internode length - NS number of stolons - PRO protein content - SY seed yield - TSW thousand seed weight - NSF number of seeds per floret - PCA principal components analysis - PC principal component  相似文献   

重新认识黄河   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

钱正英 《中国水土保持科学》2003,1(3):1-4

 要研究黄河下游治理方向,首先需要重新认识黄河。黄河现在的特点是干旱年份上中游一些支流径流量减少幅度大于降水量减少的幅度,社会经济用水和生态植被用水量在增加,入黄泥沙减少的同时径流量也减少。对于今后黄河的治理,需要研究下游的年均水量及汛期水量的可能变化,减沙量与减水量的变化幅度和增加下游汛期水量的可行性。按照“与自然和谐共存”的思想,总结了黄河流域治理开发以及水土保持、植被恢复等生态环境建设中的基本教训。  相似文献   

Influence of temperature on CO2 evolution,microbial biomass C and metabolic quotient during the decomposition of two humic forest horizons     

R. Pöhhacker  W. Zech 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,19(2-3):239-245

The decomposition of the litter layer and the humic mineral horizon from a beech forest site was studied at temperatures of 5, 12, and 22°C for both substrates and additionally at 32°C for beech litter. Weight losses, basal and substrate-induced CO₂ production, and the extractable biomass C were monitored periodically during a 2-year incubation period. Weight losses and microbial activity were controlled by substrate quality and temperature. No significant differences were found between 5 and 12°C in decomposition, biomass C, and the metabolic quotient in the humic mineral horizon. The decay of beech litter and the humic mineral horizon was highest at 22°C but was faster in the litter material by a factor of 2.9 on average. In the glucose-amended samples, the relationship among the CO₂-C fluxes was 1:1:2:3 at temperatures of 5, 12, 22, and 32°C in the litter layer, and 1: 2: 2.4 at 5, 12, and 22°C in the A horizon, respectively. The microbial activity in the humic mineral horizon was only 2–11% of that in the litter layer. The level of biomass C remained constant over 1 year and no significant differences were obtained from the 12 and 22°C treatments in the litter layer.  相似文献   

重大线性工程建设下山区乡村聚落空间演变   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

王健  王健  吴文良 《农业工程学报》2020,36(24):236-246

区域重大线性工程建设对传统山区乡村聚落的发展带来深刻的影响，乡村聚落发展步伐被打断或加快，驱动乡村聚落发展演变与重构，对这一影响和演变过程研究，有助于进一步理解区域重大线性工程与社会经济对传统山区乡村发展产生的外部性，为山区乡村振兴政策制定与发展策略选择提供参考。该研究以河北省赤城县大海陀乡为研究对象，基于1999、2009、2019年3期遥感影像数据，结合空间分析、景观格局指数、Voronoi图及Logistic回归模型，科学识别重大线性工程驱动下乡村聚落空间格局演变规律。结果表明：1）大海陀乡的乡村聚落在高速公路建设前后两个阶段表现出散乱式的斑块数量增长型扩张、集聚式的斑块面积增大型扩张的空间格局演变特征，重大线性工程建设加快了乡村聚落的扩张速度，促进了村庄聚落的内部集聚。2）重大线性工程的建设为构建聚落环境提供社会经济支撑，具有瞬时性与外界强干扰性，驱使大海陀乡乡村聚落从自然资源依附到经济社会依附的演变，形成跨域式的影响效应。3）大海陀乡乡村聚落呈现出"要素-结构-功能"的循环演变机制，内外因素的作用下主体行为的多元模式、自然发展演变与外界力量冲击下三生系统的耦合关系是乡村聚落演变的主要驱动力。京津冀一体化背景下，重大线性工程建设是加强城乡要素流通与转变村民生产生活观念的基石，需统筹城乡资源，加强规划引导与整治措施，促进村镇体系重构。  相似文献   

青海湖地区耕地演变过程与影响机制分析          下载免费PDF全文

俞文政  常庆瑞  王锐  陶秉元 《水土保持通报》2006,26(5):19-22

通过对青海湖地区耕地总面积、内部结构的变化过程和区域差异的分析，探讨了耕地变化的驱动机制。结果发现该区耕地面积变化呈现出平稳增加、激增、螺旋式增加和锐减的演变趋势，内部结构先呈现水浇地面积的显著增加，浅山地、脑山地相对减少的趋势，然后有出现水浇地和其它类型的耕地此消彼张变化阶段趋势；而耕地变化的区域差异也呈现出全区增长，区域不同步和全区减少的变化趋势。影响研究区耕地变化的原因，除自然因子外，国家大政方针和重大农业政策是导致这种变化的主要原因。  相似文献   

Isozyme studies of genetic diversity and evolution in Hippophae   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Yingmou Yao  Peter M.A. Tigerstedt 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1993,40(3):153-164

Summary To provide information on the genetic variation, differentiation and evolution in Hippophae seed samples of 25 populations from China, Finland and Russia were electrophoretically analyzed. Of six loci investigated, four were good genetic markers for identifying species and subspecies. The percentages of polymorphic loci per population were 40.3% and 62.5% at 0.95 and 0.99 polymorphic criteria respectively. The mean number of alleles per locus per population was 2.1. Total genetic diversity in the material was 0.4614. Genetic diversity partitioning showed that there was a large amount of diversity residing within geographical populations (0.1354), between subspecies within species (0.1046) and between species (0.2566) but not between geographical populations (0.0114). There were nearly twice as many negative fixation indices as positive ones in Hippophae populations. The phylogenetic tree agreed very well with botanic classifications of the species and subspecies and their geographical distributions, and quantitatively presented the genetic relationships of 25 populations. A detailed view of the evolutionary stages in Hippophae showed clearly a general decline of similarity as evolutionary divergence continued, which further explained the evolution process in Hippophae.  相似文献   

黄河下游地区土地利用和生态系统服务价值的时空演变   总被引：5，自引：7，他引：5  

张鹏岩  耿文亮  杨丹  李颜颜  张宇  秦明周 《农业工程学报》2020,36(11):277-288

基于黄河下游地区1990—2015年土地利用分类数据,运用土地利用变化动态度、土地利用转移矩阵,探究不同土地利用类型的变化程度及转移情况,运用当量因子法、热点分析、重心模型、地理探测器探究黄河下游地区县域尺度生态系统服务价值的时空演变及其空间分异。结果表明:1)耕地、草地、未利用地面积逐渐减少,建设用地面积增加,耕地是建设用地面积增加的主要贡献者,建设用地扩张存在侵占耕地的现象。2)从时间尺度看,地区生态系统服务价值逐年减少;从空间尺度看,县域尺度的高值区逐渐减少,低值区逐渐增加;从地均生态系统服务价值的变化率来看,大部分县区的地均生态系统服务价值呈现持续降低趋势。3)地均生态系统服务价值的高值区与低值区空间集聚程度明显,但有逐渐弱化的趋势;生态系统服务价值的重心始终分布在山东省郓城县,重心迁移与两地区之间生态系统服务价值变化差值有关。4)黄河下游地区县域尺度地均生态系统服务价值空间分异受自然因素和社会经济因素共同作用的影响,是不同驱动因子共同作用的结果,其中人为综合影响指数对区域生态系统服务空间分异的影响最大。  相似文献