甘蔗的起源和进化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨翠凤  杨丽涛  李杨瑞 《广西农业科学》2014,45(10):1744-1750

文章通过总结近20年来有关甘蔗属分类、地理起源、栽培起源与传播、甘蔗进化以及甘蔗基因组进化等的研究结果,全面分析了甘蔗的起源和进化进程,分析结果支持Brandes于1958年提出的假说。建议今后应对割手密种、大茎野生种和热带种之间的相互关系展开深入研究,以便更全面了解甘蔗的起源和进化;同时应开展甘蔗全基因组测序研究、甘蔗叶绿体基因组学研究及构建甘蔗遗传连锁图谱,全面深入剖析甘蔗的遗传结构和驯化进程。  相似文献   

甘蔗多样性微阵列技术（DArT）标记体系的建立     

高轶静  黄东亮  李双喜  段维兴  王泽平  杨翠芳  张革民 《广西农业科学》2014,(5):720-724

[目的]建立成熟、稳定的甘蔗多样性微阵列技术（Diversity array technology,DArT）标记体系,为甘蔗的遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建及标记辅助育种等提供新的分子标记方法.[方法]以7份不同种属的甘蔗材料为样本,优化基因组复杂性降低方法并建立甘蔗DArT标记体系,同时应用该体系分析7份材料的遗传多样性.[结果]获得了基于PstⅠ/TaqⅠ酶切组合的最优基因组复杂性降低方法,利用该方法建立了DArT体系.利用DArT体系分析了7份材料之间遗传进化关系,发现供试7份材料的遗传相似系数为0.497～0.811,平均值为0.569.以遗传相似系数0.546为阀值,可以将供试材料分为三大类,其中第一类的GT29号、拔地拉和割手密GXS85-30均为甘蔗属材料,与预期相一致;第二类为河八王2号和滇蔗茅2号,第三类为芒84-8和斑茅GXA87-36.[结论]建立的甘蔗DArT标记体系具有有效性,其遗传相似性分析结果与材料预期的亲缘关系密切程度相一致.  相似文献   

Evolutionary implications of two rainbow trout growth hormone genes     

T. T. Chen  L. B. Agellon  C. M. Lin  H. J. Tsai  Peijun Zhang  L. I. González-Villasénor  D. A. Powers 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1989,7(1-6):381-385

The primary structures of two rainbow trout growth hormone mRNAs (GH1 and GH2) have been deduced by direct sequencing of their respective cDNA clones and portions of the mRNA. Both GH1 and GH2 mRNA contain open reading frames comprised of 630 nucleotides and encode 210 amino acid residues of which 11 are variant. The translated regions of both mRNA are flanked by a short but rather conserved 5′-end, and a relatively long but highly diverged 3′-end. The differences at translated and 3′-untranslated regions suggest that the GH1 and GH2 mRNA originate from different loci. The GH1 and GH2 mRNA are likely transcribed from two distinct loci which were duplicated during tetraploidization of salmonid genome between 50 to 100 million years ago. The GH2 gene has been isolated and sequenced from a rainbow trout genomic library. This gene spans a region of approximately 4 kilobases. The trout GH gene is comprised of 6 exons and 5 introns, in contrast to 5 exons and 4 introns in mammals. The additional intron in the trout gene interrupts the translated regions that are analogous to the last exon of the mammalian counterpart. The alleged internally repeating sequences in mammalian GH, prolactin (Pr1) and placental lactogen (PL) are not observed in the predicted polypeptide sequence of trout GH. In addition, direct repeats that flank exons I, III and V of mammalian GH, Pr1 and PL genes are absent in trout gene. These findings indicate that the rainbow trout GH gene structure does not support the current hypothesis that internally repeated regions in GH, Pr1 and PL arose from a small primordial gene.  相似文献   

中国贝类染色体研究现状与进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蔡岩  周永灿  冯永勤  谢珍玉  王世锋  袁卫 《热带生物学报》2014,5(3):297-306

对我国已报道的81种贝类染色体研究进行了综述,并结合贝类分子系统进化研究成果,探讨了我国贝类染色体数目与染色体组成的进化趋势。  相似文献   

Influence of dietary feathers on the fecal microbiota in captive Arctic fox: Do dietary hair or feathers play a role in the evolution of carnivorous mammals?     

Liang ZHANG  Shuhui YANG  Yanchun XU  Thomas D. DAHMER 《Integrative zoology》2014,9(5):583-589

Hair and feathers are composed of keratin and are indigestible, inalimental and unpalatable for carnivores. However, carnivores often ingest hair and feathers during feeding or when grooming. We hypothesized that ingestion of hair and feathers changes species diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of carnivores. To test this hypothesis, we added disinfected poultry down feathers to the normal diet of captive Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We then used fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) to examine changes in fecal bacterial diversity and abundance. The results showed that the number of bacterial species increased significantly after feather ingestion, but that total abundance was unchanged. This demonstrated that addition of disinfected feathers to the diet stimulated increased production among less abundant bacteria, resulting in a balancing of relative abundance of different bacterial species, or that some newly‐ingested microbial species would colonize the gut because a suitable microhabitat had become available. This implies that the overall production of bacterial metabolites would be made up of a greater range of substances after feather ingestion. On one hand, the host's immune response would be more diverse, increasing the capacity of the immune system to regulate gut microflora. On the other hand, the animal's physiological performance would also be affected. For wild animals, such altered physiological traits would be subjected to natural selection, and, hence, persistent geographic differences in the character of ingested feathers or fur would drive speciation.  相似文献   

喀斯特生态系统土壤表面电化学特征及其影响因子     

赵楚  盛茂银  李雨萱  白义鑫  刘树西 《土壤学报》2022,59(3)

以西南喀斯特典型石漠化生态系统土壤为研究对象,采用空间替代时间的方法,研究石漠化演替过程中土壤表面电化学特征演变规律及其与土壤理化性质的相关性。采用物质表面联合分析法对不同石漠化等级土壤表面电化学属性及进行测定。结果表明,土壤表面电荷密度、表面电场强度、比表面、表面电荷数量随石漠化强度的增加而下降,其变化范围分别为0.34 C·m-2~0.42 C·m-2、4.85×108 V·m-1~5.86×108 V·m-1、47.11 m2·g-1~53.16 m2·g-1、16.86 cmol·kg-1~22.82 cmol·kg-1,土壤表面电位随石漠化强度的增加而上升,其变化范围为-113.74 mV~ -115.10 mV;研究区黏土矿物组成为伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石、伊蒙混层、绿蒙混层,且以绿蒙混层为主;土壤黏粒、砂粒、非晶质氧化铝、胡敏酸是影响喀斯特石漠化地区土壤表面电化学属性变化的主要因素,解释率分别为48.3%、38.1%、13.0%、12.0%;土壤粒径组成、有机质组分和金属氧化物对土壤表面电化学特征影响由强到弱依次分别为：土壤黏粒>砂粒>粉粒,胡敏酸>有机碳>富里酸,非晶质氧化铝>游离氧化铁>非晶质氧化铁。本研究对中国西南喀斯特石漠化土壤管理与调控、退化植被恢复重建具有重要意义。  相似文献   

黄河上游生态脆弱区绿洲开发模式下生态系统服务价值损益分析——以宁夏红寺堡区为例     

安斯文  马彩虹    滑雨琪  李聪慧 《水土保持研究》2022,29(6):375-382

为了探究黄河上游绿洲灌溉区的开发模式对生态系统服务价值(ESV)的影响,选取宁夏红寺堡区为研究区域,基于Landsat TM和GF-2遥感影像数据源,通过修订生态系统服务当量因子,对其生态系统服务价值损益进行了定量分析。结果表明:(1)自1998年底第一批宁夏南部山区的移民迁入红寺堡区开启绿洲开发模式以来,红寺堡灌区面积持续扩张,至2018年已达5.17×10⁴ hm²,形成了“蝴蝶型”的荒漠绿洲分布格局。(2)绿洲开发使得红寺堡区的土地利用结构发生显著变化,旱地、其他草地和未利用地大幅减少,水浇地、林地和建设用地大幅增加,基本形成以绿洲为主的生活空间和生产空间、周边为生态空间的“三生”空间格局。(3)1990—2018年红寺堡区的ESV由1.151×10⁹元提升为2.267×10⁹元,这主要得益于林草地、水体等生态用地的扩张,各单项服务价值呈上升趋势,生态建设成效显著。(4)红寺堡区的ESV总量变化呈现明显的阶段性特征,其中,1990—2000年轻度降低,此后持续增长。1990—2000年,旱地扩张,导致林草地失衡,生态退化,ESV损失2.9×10⁷元; 2000—2018年ESV增加1.116×10⁹元,其中,城镇建设用地快速扩张是ESV损失的主因,林草地和水域的扩张是ESV增加的主因。综上,红寺堡区在绿洲开发进程中生态建设成效显著,但也存在因为开发导致ESV损失的情况。今后发展中,需要进一步提升社会-经济-生态三者的协同发展能力。  相似文献   

全球燕麦生产时空演变规律及对中国的启示     

冯文豪  佟越强  杨亚东  葛军勇  臧华栋  曾昭海 《麦类作物学报》2022,(7):902-910

燕麦是世界第七大栽培作物,也是中国北方重要的粮饲兼用作物,因其具有抗旱、耐瘠薄等特性,在中国旱作区农业发展中占有举足轻重的地位。明确全球燕麦生产时空演变规律,可为中国燕麦种植结构调整和优化提供重要参考依据。本研究基于1961-2019年全球燕麦生产数据,利用线性回归模型、贡献率以及优势指数分析全球燕麦生产时空演变规律。结果表明,近59年来,全球燕麦收获面积和总产量均呈降低趋势。欧洲是全球燕麦生产中心,1961-1980、1981-1998和1999-2019年三个阶段的总产量分别占世界总量的58.2%、67.4%和62.6%;中国燕麦在这三个阶段的收获面积和总产量总体呈下降趋势,但同期总产量的世界占比却不断增加,从2.0%增长至3.0%。其中,2019年中国燕麦总产量达49.6万t,位列世界第十位。与美国、加拿大、芬兰和澳大利亚等主产国相比,中国燕麦生产的规模优势指数和效率优势指数虽处于不断上升趋势,但整体仍处于劣势地位。因此,优化调整燕麦种植规模,提高单产水平,对中国燕麦产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。  相似文献   

橄榄坝电站对下游曼厅大沙坝河段影响研究     

文香兰 《安徽农学通报》2014,(24):138-139

通过建立澜沧江橄榄坝-曼厅大沙坝河段物理模型,研究电站清水下泄对下游曼厅大沙坝河段的影响。在满足模型试验的相似要求前提下,冲刷坑的平面总体形态呈现泪滴形。在开始阶段冲刷坑的深度变化较快,达到一定深度之后,深度变化减小,最终趋于稳定,此时冲刷就达到了平衡状态。丁坝最大冲刷深度和最大冲刷宽度的纵向位置基本一致。  相似文献   

In vitro Selection of DNAAptamers and Fluorescence-Based Recognition for Rapid Detection Listeria monocytogenes     

LIU Guo-qing  ;LIAN Ying-qi  ;GAO Chao  ;YU Xiao-feng  ;ZHU Ming  ;ZONG Kai  ;CHEN Xue-jiao  ;YAN Yi 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(5):1121-1129

Aptamers are specific nucleic acid sequences that can bind to a wide range of nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets with high affinity and specificity. Nucleic acid aptamers are selected in vitro from single stranded DNA or RNA ligands containing random sequences of up to a few hundred nucleotides. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment （SELEX） was used to select and PCR amplify DNA sequences （aptamers） capable of binding to and detecting Listeria monocytogenes, one of the major food-borne pathogens. A simplified affinity separation approach was employed, in which L. monocytogenes in exponential （log） phase of growth was used as the separation target. A fluorescently-labeled aptamer assay scheme was devised for detecting L. monoeytogenes. This report described a novel approach to the detection of L. monocytogenes using DNA aptamers. Aptamers were developed by nine rounds of SELEX. A high affinity aptamer was successfully selected from the initial random DNA pool, and its secondary structure was also investigated. One of aptamers named e01 with the highest affinity was further tested in aptamer-peroxidase and aptamer-fluorescence staining protocols. This study has proved the principle that the whole-cell SELEX could be a promising technique to design aptamer-based molecular probes for dectection of pathogenic microorganisms without tedious isolation and purification of complex markers or targets.  相似文献