Free-ranging livestock altered the spatiotemporal behavior of the endangered North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) and its prey and intensified human–leopard conflicts     

Mingzhang LIU  Yiqing WANG  Fan XIA  Hongliang BU  Yanlin LIU  Xiaoli SHEN  Sheng LI 《Integrative zoology》2023,18(1):143-156

Widespread distribution of livestock in the natural habitats of large carnivores may negatively impact carnivore populations by reducing wild prey availability and increasing human–carnivore conflicts. In this study, we used camera-trapping data collected in the temperate forests of the Taihang Mountains in North China during 2016–2019 to examine whether and how free-ranging cattle affected habitat use and Diel activity patterns of the endangered North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) and its 2 wild prey species, Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). Residents were also interviewed to record livestock depredation events by leopards during 2015–2019. We found that roe deer spatially avoided sites frequented by cattle, but wild boar did not. In the growing seasons, leopards shared habitats with cattle and tended to increase their diurnal activities where cattle were present. All 3 study species exhibited fine-scale spatial-temporal segregation to cattle. Leopards selectively preyed on calves over adult cattle and livestock depredation frequency was positively correlated with the detection rates of cattle and wild prey, but not that of leopard. These findings not only show that through behavioral adaption large carnivores and their ungulate prey may persist under livestock disturbance, but also highlight how important proper livestock management is for conserving North Chinese leopards in this region. To enhance livestock management and mitigate human–leopard conflicts, we recommend specific actions, such as better guarding of free-ranging cattle or adoption of a captive farming system.  相似文献   

Behaviour and sensory physiology of Atlantic menhaden larvae, Brevoortia tyrannus, during horizontal transport   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Forward Jr  De Vries  Tankersley  Rittschof  Hettler  Burke  Welch  & Hoss 《Fisheries Oceanography》1999,8(S2):37-56

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Warm oceans exacerbate Chinook salmon bycatch in the Pacific hake fishery driven by thermal and diel depth-use behaviours     

Megan C. Sabal  Kate Richerson  Paul Moran  Taal Levi  Vanessa J. Tuttle  Michael Banks 《Fish and Fisheries》2023,24(6):910-923

Fisheries bycatch impacts marine species globally and understanding the underlying ecological and behavioural mechanisms could improve bycatch mitigation and forecasts in novel conditions. Oceans are rapidly warming causing shifts in marine species distributions with unknown, but likely, bycatch consequences. We examined whether thermal and diel depth-use behaviours influenced bycatch of a keystone species (Chinook salmon; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Salmonidae) in the largest fishery on the US West Coast (Pacific hake; Merluccius productus, Merlucciidae) with annual consequences in a warming ocean. We used Generalized Additive Models with 20 years of data including 54,509 hauls from the at-sea hake fishery spanning Oregon and Washington coasts including genetic information for five salmon populations. Our results demonstrate that Chinook salmon bycatch rates increased in warm ocean years explained by salmon depth-use behaviours. Chinook salmon typically occupy shallower water column depths compared to hake. However, salmon moved deeper when sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were warm and at night, which increased overlap with hake and exacerbated bycatch rates. We show that night fishing reductions (a voluntary bycatch mitigation strategy) are effective in reducing salmon bycatch in cool SSTs by limiting fishing effort when diel vertical movements bring salmon deeper but becomes less effective in warm SSTs as salmon seek deeper thermal refugia during the day. Thermal and diel behaviours were more pronounced in southern compared with northern salmon populations. We provide mechanistic support that climate change may intensify Chinook salmon bycatch in the hake fishery and demonstrate how an inferential approach can inform bycatch management in a changing world.  相似文献   

A 10-year evaluation of the functional basis for regeneration habitat preference of trees in an African evergreen forest   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Colin A. Chapman  Kaoru Kitajima  Amy E. Zanne  Les S. Kaufman  Michael J. Lawes 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,255(11):3790-3796

The spatial distribution of tree juveniles in relation to light environments may reflect species differences in growth, survival, and functional traits and will shape the nature of forest regeneration. Long-term field experiments are important to evaluate this issue because of the potentially very long juvenile period in trees. Here, we combine a 10-year seedling survival–growth data with the results of community ordination and multivariate analyses of functional traits to ask how observed juvenile light guilds are related to species functional traits and seedling performance. We transplanted seedlings at a standardized height of 11 cm into the shaded understory and quantified their growth and survival for 10-years. Using the community-wide stem distribution data, we categorized 33 species including the focal 11 species to understory vs. gap/edge guilds. Then, we determined differences between the two guilds in seedling survival, growth, as well as seed size, adult height, and a series of leaf traits, including toughness and chemical traits (fiber, protein, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, saponins). Among the 11 non-pioneer species whose seedlings were planted into the understory, there was no significant difference in 10-year survival between light guilds, but species in gap/edge guild tended to achieve greater height than species in the understory guild. The leaf chemical traits of 33 species did not differ between the two juvenile light guilds, but gap/edge species had smaller seeds, taller adults, and tougher leaves than understory species. We used logistic regression as a complementary approach to assess the extent to which plant traits varied between light guilds and the most parsimonious model based on AIC_c ranking included only leaf toughness and had an Akaike weight of 0.52. In addition, across the 11 species planted as seedlings, these traits were not significantly related to survivorship or growth over 10 years. A Principle Components Analysis illustrated associations among traits. We conclude that light guilds in terms of juvenile stem distribution could not be explained by long-term field performance of post-establishment seedlings alone. Earlier seedling stage or later sapling stage may be more important in differentiation of light guilds. For the species examined difference in growth rates could be linked to seed size and adult stature, but not to the adult leaf chemical traits considered. These results suggest the importance of examining ontogenetic shifts and relationships among functional traits for a better understanding of regeneration strategies of tropical trees.  相似文献   

Beyond the reef: The widespread use of non‐reef habitats by coral reef fishes     

Katie Sambrook  Andrew S. Hoey  Serge Andrfouët  Graeme S. Cumming  Stephanie Duce  Mary C. Bonin 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(5):903-920

Marine ecology seeks to understand the factors that shape biological communities. Progress towards this goal has been hampered by habitat‐centric approaches that ignore the influence of the wider seascape. Coral reef fishes may use non‐reef habitats (e.g. mangrove and seagrass) extensively, yet most studies have focused on within‐reef attributes or connectivity between reefs to explain trends in their distribution and abundance. We systematically review the evidence for multihabitat use by coral reef fishes across life stages, feeding guilds and conservation status. At least 670 species of “coral reef fish” have been observed in non‐reef habitats, with almost half (293 species) being recorded in two or more non‐reef habitats. Of the 170 fish species for which both adult and juvenile data were available, almost 76% were recorded in non‐reef habitats in both life stages. Importantly, over half of the coral reef fish species recorded in non‐reef habitats (397 spp.) were potential fisheries targets. The use of non‐reef habitats by “coral reef” fishes appears to be widespread, suggesting in turn that attempts to manage anthropogenic impacts on fisheries and coral reefs may need to consider broader scales and different forms of connectivity than traditional approaches recommend. Faced with the deteriorating condition of many coastal habitats, there is a pressing need to better understand how the wider seascape can influence reef fish populations, community dynamics, food‐webs and other key ecological processes on reefs.  相似文献   

Herbivorous fishes and the potential of Caribbean marine reserves to preserve coral reef ecosystems     

Dorothée Kopp  Yolande Bouchon‐Navaro  Max Louis  David Mouillot  Claude Bouchon 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2010,20(5):516-524

• 1. The development of macroalgae to the detriment of corals is now one of the major threats to coral reefs. Herbivorous fishes are partly responsible for algal regulation on coral reefs and their overexploitation favours the shift from scleractinian coral‐dominated systems towards macroalgae‐dominated systems.
• 2. Marine protected areas (MPAs) that have been established worldwide may benefit coral reefs through the maintenance of high densities of herbivorous fishes which regulate algal growth.
• 3. The paper assesses whether small MPAs in the Caribbean are able to enhance herbivorous fish stock and by controlling macroalgae help to maintain reef ecosystems. A visual census using band‐transects was undertaken around Guadeloupe island where marine reserves have been in place since 1979. The effects of MPAs on both benthic communities and herbivorous fishes are examined.
• 4. Inside MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass was almost twice as high as outside MPAs and macroalgal cover was significantly lower. Fish size class distributions revealed that large individuals occurred mainly inside MPAs and that few male individuals were found outside MPAs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Variation in DVM behaviour of juvenile and adult pearlside (Maurolicus muelleri) linked to feeding strategies and related predation risk     

Arved Staby  Jantra Srisomwong  Rune Rosland 《Fisheries Oceanography》2013,22(2):90-101

In the Norwegian fjord Masfjorden, different developmental stages of the mesopelagic planktivore Maurolicus muelleri form vertically separate sound scattering layers (SSLs) and in late autumn display different diel vertical migration (DVM) behaviour. Post‐larvae and juvenile fish perform normal crepuscular DVM, whereas the large majority of adults remain at depth throughout the diel period. In this study we examined the stomach contents of juvenile and adult fish caught at different times and depths during a 24‐h period in autumn. The different DVM behaviour of these two SSLs in addition to a shallow layer believed to be composed of post‐larvae is explained with a model for visual foraging in aquatic environments that uses gradients in vertical light intensity and copepod density and size as input variables. Field data revealed that vertically migrating juveniles distributed at a higher ambient light intensity and on average consumed 25 times more copepods than non‐migrating adult fish. The model showed that juveniles experienced a 15 times higher prey encounter rate and a higher level of predation risk than non‐migrating adults, and that the energetic benefits for post larvae and juveniles from prolonged feeding in a nearly constant and brighter environment outweigh the associated predation risk. The model also suggests that the visual detection range of piscivore predators is relatively more limited by the turbid surface water than that of their prey, which provide the post‐larva and juvenile life‐stages of M. muelleri a window of reduced visual predation near the surface.  相似文献   

2013年冬季南乔治亚岛南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动研究   总被引：4，自引：6，他引：4  

朱国平  王芮  朱小艳  孟涛  黄洪亮  徐国栋  张吉昌  许柳雄 《水产学报》2015,39(8):1242-1249

关于冬季南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动方面的研究可为探索其渔场形成机制提供基础数据,并为其越冬策略研究提供参考。基于2013年冬季南乔治亚岛南极磷虾渔业调查期间收集的相关数据,对冬季南乔治亚岛南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动进行了研究。结果发现,磷虾群平均深度维持在表层以下100～300 m,磷虾群最深出现在日升时分,而最浅则出现在夜间时分;7—9月,随时间的推移,磷虾群所处水层呈加深趋势。夜间、白天和黄昏时段磷虾群平均深度呈现较为明显的月份差异。白天磷虾群多集中在较深水层,夜间会上浮到较浅水层。  相似文献   

Body size evolution and habitat colonization across 100 million years (Late Jurassic–Paleocene) of the actinopterygian evolutionary history          下载免费PDF全文

Guillaume Guinot  Lionel Cavin 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(4):577-597

Fishes are characterized by their capacity to occupy all aquatic environments and by their amazing range of size and morphology. While it is known that habitat influenced the diversity dynamics of fish clades, studies on environmental colonization events through the evolutionary history of ray‐finned fishes have yielded conflicting results as to the origin of modern clades and preferential directions of shifts. The effects of habitat over morphological evolution such as body size remain poorly known in vertebrates. However, body size evolution is more frequently addressed in terms of variation through time and numerous studies have demonstrated that successive taxa within a clade tend to increase in size through time (Cope's or Depéret's rule). We use phylogenetic comparative methods on a genus‐level actinopterygian super‐tree based on extant and fossil data covering the Late Jurassic‐Paleogene interval. Results indicate marine ancestry for freshwater lineages and a dominance of colonizations from marine clades towards other habitats. Similar trends in environment occupancy among different ray‐finned clades are explored. Three main trends affecting non‐closely‐related clades are recognized: (i) the freshwater invaders, (ii) the predominantly marine dwellers and (iii) the environmentally labile fishes. Habitat effects on body size evolution are not statistically supported, but most actinopterygian subclades originate from small‐sized ancestors and tend to increase in size in the course of their evolutionary history. This trend is clear for lineages restricted for long periods of time in the same environments, either marine or freshwater, but it is not observed in environmentally labile fish lineages.  相似文献   

Climate change exacerbates pest damage through reduced pesticide efficacy     

Maor Matzrafi 《Pest management science》2019,75(1):9-13

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