Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increase resistance against amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L     

Bridle AR  Butler R  Nowak BF 《Journal of fish diseases》2003,26(6):367-371

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Application of NaLA,a fishing net configuration and loading analysis system,to bottom gill nets     

Takashi Shimizu  Tsutomu Takagi  Holger Korte  Tomonori Hiraishi  Katsutaro Yamamoto 《Fisheries Science》2007,73(3):489-499

ABSTRACT:   The net-shape and loading analysis system (NaLA) was developed to determine fishing net configuration and load in a previous study. The system has since been applied to general gill nets and aquaculture nets, and its validity has been proven through model experiments in tanks. In this study, the system was applied to estimate the dynamic behavior of a bottom gill net for walleye pollock, to test the system's applicability of the system to gear operations in the field. To obtain in situ data, four bottom gill net operations were performed in February 2004 off the coast of Sawara, Hokkaido, Japan. During operations, vertical displacements of the bottom gill net's float and sinker lines were measured as representative values of gear behavior, and ocean current direction, and speed at the gear position were observed simultaneously. Then, bottom gill net behavior was simulated using NaLA, incorporating observed environmental conditions and gear specifications. The resulting calculated behavior was compared to measured behavior in terms of the relationship between net height and environmental or setting conditions. Agreement between the calculated and measured net behavior was found. Thus, it is believe that our NaLA calculation model has the potential to simulate the dynamic behavior of bottom gill nets in situ .  相似文献   

Mediation of serotonin-induced branchial vasoconstriction by a cholinergic and muscarinic responsein vivo in European eelAnguilla anguilla     

J. -J. Janvier 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1997,16(1):85-92

The intravenous administration of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) induced a significant branchial vasoconstrictionin vivo in European eel. This effect is blocked either by methysergide or atropine treatment suggesting a mediation of the serotonin-induced vasoconstriction by both methysergide-sensitive serotonergic receptors and by cholinergic muscarinic receptors of the branchial vasculature. The intravenous administration of 5-HT caused an increase (250%) in ventilatory water flow (V_W) together with a rise (250%) in partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO₂). Under imposed steady ventilatory water flow in curarized eels, serotonin induced a significant increase in PaO₂ which i) appeared at the time of branchial vasoconstriction, ii) was blocked by methysergide treatment, and iii) was not related to an elevation of plasma catecholamine levels. These results suggest that 5-HT causes a constriction of branchial vasculature in a site where serotonergic and cholinergic receptors are both present. The localization of serotonin-induced branchial vasoconstriction is discussed.  相似文献   

The effect of beta-glucan administration on macrophage respiratory burst activity and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., challenged with amoebic gill disease--evidence of inherent resistance     

Bridle AR  Carter CG  Morrison RN  Nowak BF 《Journal of fish diseases》2005,28(6):347-356

Previous studies have demonstrated that beta-glucans stimulate Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., head kidney macrophages both in vitro and in vivo and increase protection against various pathogens. Based on our previous work that showed potent immunostimulatory CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides increased resistance to amoebic gill disease (AGD), the present study investigated the immunostimulatory effects of three commercial beta-glucan-containing feeds and their ability to increase resistance to AGD. All three commercial beta-glucans were able to stimulate the respiratory burst activity of Atlantic salmon head kidney macrophages in vitro, albeit at different times and concentrations. However, dietary incorporation of the beta-glucans was unable to stimulate the in vivo respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages, or serum lysozyme production, and did not increase resistance against AGD. However, this trial showed for the first time that a small subpopulation of Atlantic salmon subjected to a severe AGD infection was able to resist becoming heavily infected and furthermore survive the challenge.  相似文献   

Influence of cortisol, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine on hypoosmoregulatory ability in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus     

J.M. Mancera  S.D. McCormick 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1999,21(1):25-33

The capacity of cortisol, ovine growth hormone (oGH), recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor I (rbIGF-I) and 3,3,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T₃) to increase hypoosmoregulatory capacity in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus was examined. Fish acclimated to brackish water (BW, 10 ppt salinity) were injected with a single dose of hormone suspended in oil and transferred to seawater (SW, 35 ppt salinity) 10 days post-injection. Fish were sampled 24 h after transfer and plasma osmolality and gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity were examined. Transfer from BW to SW induced significantly increased plasma osmolality but not gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity. Cortisol (50 g g^–1 body weight) improved the ability to maintain plasma osmolality and to increase gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity. oGH (5 g g^–1 body weight) also increased hypoosmoregulatory ability and gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity. A cooperation between oGH and cortisol was observed in increasing hypoosmoregulatory ability but not in increasing gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity. rbIGF-I (0.5 g g^–1 body weight) alone was without effect in increasing salinity tolerance or gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity. rbIGF-I and oGH showed a positive interaction in increasing salinity tolerance, but not gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity. Treatment with T₃ (5 g g^–1 body weight) alone did not increase salinity tolerance or gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, and there was no consistent significant interaction between cortisol and T₃ or between GH and T₃. The results confirm the classical role of cortisol as a seawater-adapting hormone and indicate an interaction between cortisol and the GH/IGF-I axis during seawater acclimation of Fundulus heteroclitus.  相似文献   

Enhanced hypoosmoregulatory response to growth hormone after cortisol treatment in immature rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri     

Steffen S. Madsen 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1990,8(4):271-279

The growth-independent effect of ovine growth hormone (oGH) and oGH + cortisol treatment on seawater (SW) adaptation in immature rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri was investigated. Fish were injected every second day with saline, 2.0 μg oGH/g or 2.0 μg oGH + 8.0 μg cortisol/g for a maximum of 8 injections in freshwater (FW). Subgroups were transferred to 28‰ SW after 4 or 8 injections, and changes in plasma Na⁺ and Cl⁻, muscle water content and gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity were measured. In both of the hormone-treated groups retained in FW, gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and interlamellar chloride cell density increased. The effects were most pronounced in the oGH + cortisol group after 2 weeks of treatment. After transfer to SW most of the control fish died due to the osmotic stress, whereas in the hormone-treated groups, mortality was low and there was a positive correlation between pretransfer gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the ability to maintain ionic-osmotic homeostasis after SW transfer. After two weeks of oGH + cortisol treatment, gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was maximal. In contrast, after SW transfer, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity increased further in the oGH-treated group. This group regulated ionic-osmotic parameters less effectively than the oGH + cortisol-treated group. The data indicate that GH and cortisol are important hormones in the regulation of hypoosmoregulatory mechanisms in S. gairdneri.  相似文献   

Functional morphology of chloride cells in killifish Fundulus heteroclitus, a euryhaline teleost with seawater preference     

Toyoji  KANEKO  Fumi  KATOH 《Fisheries Science》2004,70(5):723-733

ABSTRACT:   Recent advances in the functional morphology of chloride cells in killifish Fundulus heteroclitus , a euryhaline teleost with seawater (SW) preference, were reviewed. Immunocytochemical detection of chloride cells with anti-Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase revealed transitional processes of the chloride cell distribution during early life stages. Chloride cells first appear in the yolk-sac membrane at an early embryonic stage, followed by their appearance in the body skin in the later embryonic stages. The principal site for the chloride cell distribution then shifts from the yolk-sac membrane and body skin during embryonic stages to the gills and opercular membrane in larval and later developmental stages. Morphologically distinct SW- and freshwater (FW)-type chloride cells were identified in adult killifish adapted to SW and FW, respectively. Both types of chloride cells are equally active in the two environments, but exert different ion-transporting functions. Following direct transfer of killifish from SW to FW, SW-type chloride cells were transformed into FW-type cells as a short-term response, followed by the promotion of chloride cell replacement as a long-term response. In killifish acclimated to low NaCl (0.1 mM) FW, intense immunoreactivity for vacuolar-type proton pump (V-ATPase) was detected in the basolateral membrane of FW-type chloride cells, whereas the immunoreactivity was much weaker in fish acclimated to FW with higher NaCl concentrations (1.0 and 10.0 mM). These results suggest the occurrence of active ion absorption in FW-type chloride cells and the involvement of V-ATPase in ion-absorbing mechanisms. In view of recent advances in this field, future chloride cell research should be considered in relation to the functional diversity of chloride cells.  相似文献   

Effects of environmental Ca²⁺ levels on branchial chloride cell morphology in freshwater-adapted killifish Fundulus heteroclitus     

FUMI  KATOH  TOYOJI  KANEKO 《Fisheries Science》2002,68(2):347-355

ABSTRACT: To examine the involvement of chloride cells in the uptake of Ca²⁺ in freshwater (FW) killifish, chloride cell morphology was compared in fish acclimated to different defined FW environments with Ca²⁺ concentrations of either 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM, or 2.5 mM. Numerous chloride cells were detected in whole-mount preparations of the gill filaments, which were stained with an antiserum specific for Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. Chloride cells, located mostly on the afferent–vascular edge of the filaments, were larger at lower Ca²⁺ concentrations. Electron microscopic observations showed that in the 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM Ca²⁺ experimental groups, the apical membrane of chloride cells were flat or slightly projecting and equipped with numerous microvilli. In the 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ group, some chloride cells formed an apical pit, whereas other cells were similar to those observed in the 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM Ca²⁺ groups. Plasma osmolality decreased with decreasing ambient Ca²⁺ concentration, suggesting that environmental Ca²⁺ affects the permeability of the body surfaces. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM Ca²⁺ groups were significantly higher than that in the 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ group, implying the involvement of the Na⁺–Ca²⁺ exchanger in Ca²⁺ uptake in the gills. These findings suggest that chloride cells function as the site for Ca²⁺ uptake in killifish acclimated to low Ca²⁺ environments.  相似文献   

蓝鳃太阳鱼繁殖与苗种培育研究     

郑惠芳  王健辉  陈汉  何其德 《湖北农学院学报》2002,22(1):30-32

记述了蓝鳃太阳鱼 (Lepomismacrochirus)的繁殖行为、卵子性状、有效繁殖力和培育鱼苗鱼种的结果。蓝鳃太阳鱼由雄性作巢并护巢。卵粒小 ,沉性、粘性 ,胚胎发育积温为70 0～ 80 0℃·h。生产的鱼苗全年累计每 1 0 0g体重雌鱼可获得鱼苗 640 1尾。鱼苗培育成活率 72 .2 % ,鱼种培育成活率 93.8%。  相似文献   

叉尾斗鱼关睾虫(单殖亚纲)病的鳃组织病理学研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

李海燕  香咏瑜 《中国水产科学》2006,13(5):829-833

对叉尾斗鱼（Macropodus opercularis）的大钩关睾虫（Heteronchocleidus magnihamatus Zhang et Ji）和小钩关睾虫（H．buschkieli Bychowsky）病进行了病理学研究。结果表明，关睾虫寄生于叉尾斗鱼的初级鳃丝及鳃小片，轻度感染时，病变不明显，导致部分鳃丝组织完整性受到破坏；中度感染时，鳃丝组织增生、融合，有大量黏液细胞浸润，鳃小片与窦状隙分离，形成空隙；重度感染时，鳃丝组织细胞解离、空泡化，呼吸上皮与毛细血管分离严重，形成空腔。  相似文献