干燥和重新湿润过程引起土壤CO_2激发释放的模拟研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

戴万宏  王益权  黄耀  刘军 《农业环境科学学报》2004,23(2):318-322

应用短期培养实验研究了干燥和重新湿润引起的土壤CO2激发释放及其动力学过程.结果表明,不经干燥和重新湿润处理土壤CO2释放速率基本不随时间变化,其CO2释放过程可以用零级反应动力学方程(y=k0t)描述;干燥和重新湿润处理过程能够引起明显的土壤CO2激发释放,这是干燥和重新湿润引起的土壤呼吸激发效应(一级反应)和土壤基本呼吸(零级反应)相互叠加的结果,可以用两库叠加模型y=at+Ao(1-e-kt)很好描述.本实验条件下扰动、干燥和重新湿润引起的(蝼)土CO2净激发释放量为23.05～59.90 mg CO2-C·kg-1,主要与不同培肥措施长期实施造成的土壤性质和肥力差异,特别是有机质数量和质量的差异有密切关系.  相似文献   

Transfer of carbon incubation parameters to model the SOC and SON dynamics of a field trial with energy crops applying digestates as organic fertilizers     

S. Anton A. Gasser  Kerstin Nielsen  Uwe Franko 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(1):342-356

The fertilization with organic amendments and digestates from biogas plants is increasingly used to increase carbon stock and to improve the soil quality, but little is still known about their long-term effects. A common method to analyse organic amendments and their mineralization is incubation experiments, where amendments get incubated with soil while CO₂ release is measured over time. In a previous study, carbon models have been applied to model the carbon dynamics of incubation experiments. The derived parameters describing the carbon turnover of the CCB model (CANDY Carbon Balance) are used to simulate the SOC and SON dynamics of a long-term field trial. The trial was conducted in Berge (Germany) where organic amendments like slurry, farmyard manure or digestates were systematically applied. To grant a higher model flexibility, the amounts of crop residues were calculated for roots and stubble separately. Furthermore, the mineralization dynamics of roots and stubble are considered by the model parameters for each crop. The model performance is compared when using the dry matter and carbon content received from the field trial and the incubation experiments, to evaluate the transferability. The results show that the incubation parameters are transferable to the field site, with rRMSE < 10% for the modelled SOC and rRMSE between 10% and 15% for the SON dynamics. This approach can help to analyse long-term effects of unexplored and unusual organic fertilizers under field conditions, whereat the model is used to upscale the C dynamics from incubation experiments, considering environmental conditions.  相似文献   

Soil phosphorous buffer coefficient as influenced by time and rate of P addition     

M. Jalali 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3):269-279

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of time and rate of phosphorus (P) addition on phosphorus availability and phosphorus buffer coefficient in some calcareous soils. Phosphorus was added to the samples at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg P kg^?1 soil. The samples were incubated for 0.041, 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days at constant temperature and moisture. Extractable phosphorus was determined after the incubation. The results showed a sharp decrease in available P within 1 h after P addition. There was a linear relation between added P and extractable P in all soils. The buffer coefficients of soils were estimated by Olsen P for above incubation periods. Generally the buffer coefficient decreased with increasing time of incubation. The results indicated that inputs of between 23 – 59 mg kg^?1 are required to raise Olsen P by 10 mg kg^?1 in these calcareous soils, which assuming 2500 t soil ha^?1, gives a required input of 58 – 148 kg P ha^?1.  相似文献   

Effects of land-use type and nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide production potentials in Japanese Andosols     

YuHua Kong  Mirai Watanabe  Hirohiko Nagano  Keiji Watanabe  Miwa Yashima 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):790-799

Land-use type and nitrogen (N) addition strongly affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production, but the impacts of their interaction and the controlling factors remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both factors simultaneously on N₂O and CO₂ production and associated soil chemical and biological properties. Surface soils (0–10 cm) from three adjacent lands (apple orchard, grassland and deciduous forest) in central Japan were selected and incubated aerobically for 12 weeks with addition of 0, 30 or 150 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. Land-use type had a significant (p < 0.001) impact on the cumulative N₂O and CO₂ production. Soils from the apple orchard had higher N₂O and CO₂ production potentials than those from the grassland and forest soils. Soil net N mineralization rate had a positive correlation with both soil N₂O and CO₂ production rates. Furthermore, the N₂O production rate was positively correlated with the CO₂ production rate. In the soils with no N addition, the dominant soil properties influencing N₂O production were found to be the ammonium-N content and the ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen (MBC/MBN), while those for CO₂ production were the content of nitrate-N and soluble organic carbon. N₂O production increased with the increase in added N doses for the three land-use types and depended on the status of the initial soil available N. The effect of N addition on CO₂ production varied with land use type; with the increase of N addition doses, it decreased for the apple orchard and forest soils but increased for the grassland soils. This difference might be due to the differences in microbial flora as indicated by the MBC/MBN ratio. Soil N mineralization was the major process controlling N₂O and CO₂ production in the examined soils under aerobic incubation conditions.  相似文献   

Promotive and inhibitory effects of rice straw and cellulose application on rice plant growth in pot and field experiments     

Katsuki Adachi  Waree Chaitep  Toshihiro Senboku 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):369-386

Abstract

Quantitative characterization of crusts is necessary to evaluate the crusting susceptibility of soils, to reveal the soil properties affecting soil crust development and, thus, to predict the occurrence of crusting. For the quantification of the morphological characteristics of soil surface crusts, the authors applied an image analyzing method to quantify the state of pores, in terms of apparent porosity, using vertical thin sections of the surface crust formed under simulated rainfall.  相似文献   

多堆柄锈菌潜育期侵染量实时荧光定量PCR检测体系的建立     

张克瑜  李磊福  谷医林  孙秋玉  马占鸿 《植物保护学报》2022,49(3):832-839

为快速及时诊断并定量监测玉米内多堆柄锈菌Puccinia polysora潜育期的侵染量,根据多堆柄锈菌的ITS序列和玉米Actin2基因序列,分别设计多堆柄锈菌特异性引物PpoF/PpoR和Taq Man探针PpoP以及玉米特异性引物ZmF/ZmR和Taq Man探针ZmP,对引物和探针的特异性和灵敏度进行测定,并用这2对引物和探针建立多堆柄锈菌潜育期的实时荧光定量PCR检测体系,定量监测接种后玉米叶片中多堆柄锈菌DNA量随时间的变化。结果表明,多堆柄锈菌和玉米的特异性引物和探针对各自靶标片段均具有良好的特异性,灵敏度分别为10^-3ng/μL和10^-2ng/μL;在接种后24 h,利用所建实时荧光定量PCR检测体系即可在玉米叶片中检测到多堆柄锈菌,且潜育期内多堆柄锈菌的侵染量随时间呈指数增长。表明所建实时荧光定量PCR检测体系可用于多堆柄锈菌潜育期侵染量的定量检测和监测。  相似文献   

外加碳酸盐增加石灰性土壤密闭培养过程中CO2的释放量     

DONG Yan-Jie  CAI Miao  LIANG Bin  ZHOU Jian-Bin 《土壤圈》2013,23(2):137-142

The closed-jar incubation method is widely used to estimate the mineralization of soil organic C. There are two C pools (i.e., organic and inorganic C) in calcareous soil. To evaluate the effect of additional carbonates on CO2 emission from calcareous soil during closed-jar incubation, three incubation experiments were conducted by adding different types (CaCO3 and MgCO3 ) and amounts of carbonate to the soil. The addition of carbonates significantly increased CO2 emission from the soil; the increase ranged from 12.0% in the CaCO3 amended soil to 460% in the MgCO3 amended soil during a 100-d incubation. Cumulative CO2 production at the end of the incubation was three times greater in the MgCO3 amended soil compared to the CaCO3 amended one. The CO2 emission increased with the amount of CaCO3 added to the soil. In contrast, CO2 emission decreased as the amount of MgCO3 added to the soil increased. Our results confirmed that the closed-jar incubation method could lead to an overestimate of organic C mineralization in calcareous soils. Because of its effect on soil pH and the dissolution of carbonates, HgCl2 should not be used to sterilize calcareous soil if the experiment includes the measurement of soil CO2 production.  相似文献   

基于高光谱图像的稻瘟病抗氧化酶值早期预测   总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1  

杨燕  何勇 《农业工程学报》2013,29(20):135-141

水稻稻瘟病是危害水稻种植的真菌病害,早期预测病害源头是防治稻瘟病的有效手段。在病害症状显证之前实现早期预测,能从源头上更好地遏制病害,阻止分生孢子的大量繁殖,达到稻瘟病早期防治的目的。该文通过连续分时段测定水稻稻瘟病潜育期稻苗的高光谱图像和相对应的稻苗抗氧化物酶SOD（superoxide dismutase, SOD）酶值,利用高光谱图像处理技术结合化学计量学方法,建立稻瘟病潜育期内稻苗冠层高光谱图像与抗氧化酶SOD酶活之间的关联预测模型。结果表明,基于全光谱信息建立的SOD酶值预测模型,模型具有较好的预测效果,校正集相关系数RC=0.9921,校正集均方根误差RMSEC=5.135 U/g;预测集相关系数RP=0.9274,预测集均方根误差RESEP=8.634 U/g。出于建立更为广泛应用的稳定的多光谱成像检测系统的需要,基于选定的6个特征波长526、550、672、697、738和747 nm建立了简化的SOD酶值预测模型,该模型的RC=0.6945,RMSEC=17.92 U/g;RP=0.5488,RESEP=22.0085 U/g。研究表明,在水稻稻瘟病潜育期内,通过高光谱图像反演相应的SOD酶活性信息,推断水稻稻瘟病病害胁迫程度信息是可行的。  相似文献   

土壤中镉铅锌单一和复合老化效应的研究   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

田园  王晓蓉  林仁漳  于红霞 《农业环境科学学报》2008,27(1):156-159

重金属的形态随时间变化,即老化效应,对评价重金属污染有着重要意义.本实验采用实验室模拟方式人为加入不同浓度的镉铅锌盐溶液,于污染后的第3、7、15、30、90、180、360 d采样,用0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2提取可利用态.单一老化效应的结果表明:Cd、Pb、Zn的有效态浓度在开始的7 d内迅速减小,7～30 d内缓慢减小,而30 d以后浓度趋于稳定,达到动态平衡.Pb的有效态减少相对最为显著.在Zn或Pb存在的条件下,重金属的交互作用产生的复合老化效应表现为Cd的稳态浓度显著高于单一老化效应,并且达到稳态的时间延长.Pb比Zn对有效态Cd含量的增加有着更为显著的影响.  相似文献   

鸸鹋卵人工孵化初探     

田秀华  王建荣  何相宝 《经济动物学报》2005,9(2):122-124

对1998～2002年哈尔滨北方森林动物园鸸鹋卵人工孵化条件进行综合分析,以初步确定鸸鹋人工孵化的适宜条件,结果表明,卵型指数为1.52～1.56的鸸鹋卵,孵化温度控制在36.5～37.4℃,孵化湿度为50%～61%,孵化期失重在10%～15%之间能获得最佳孵化率和健雏率。Hoty方程计算出鸸鹋卵特异系数CSS为0.000565(n=60)。鸸鹋卵平放180°,每2h翻1次卵,晾1次卵,翻卵角度为90°能明显提高鸸鹋出雏率和健雏率,及时熟练的人工助产是避免鸸鹋后期死亡的重要手段。  相似文献