秸秆类生物质酶解动力学与光合生物产氢特性研究     

蒋丹萍  张洋  路朝阳  孙堂磊  张丙学  张全国 《农业机械学报》2015,46(5):196-201

采用类分形动力学对4种常见秸秆类生物质的酶水解过程及其光合生物产氢能力进行了实验研究,并分析了各种秸秆类生物质的光合生物产氢能力及其与产氢菌种生长之间的相关关系,得到了秸秆类生物质酶解及光合生物产氢的相关动力学方程。实验结果表明,4种秸秆类生物质的酶解效果与产氢能力从大到小依次为小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、高粱秸秆、棉花秸秆,酶解后还原糖质量浓度分别达到了19.88、15.72、14.04、9.41 g/L,累积产氢量分别达到了515.7、362、194.8、123.95 m L,且在菌种生长的对数期产氢速率达到最大。同时,利用类分形动力学揭示了秸秆类生物质酶解动力学参数与还原糖质量浓度及累积产氢量成正比例关系,为进一步完善秸秆类生物质光合生物产氢工艺理论和技术提供了参考。  相似文献   

Metabolic characteristics in ruminants of the proteins in newly developed hull-less barley varieties with altered starch traits     

Daalkhaijav Damiran  Peiqiang Yu 《Journal of Cereal Science》2012

Recently, new varieties of hull-less barley have been developed with altered carbohydrate traits. To our knowledge, there is no study on metabolic characteristics in ruminants of the proteins in the newly developed hull-less barley varieties. The objectives of this study were to: compare metabolic characteristics of the proteins of zero-amylose waxy (CDC Fibar), low-amylose waxy (CDC Rattan), high-amylose (HB08302), and normal starch (CDC McGwire) hull-less barley. In situ animal trials were carried out to generate the original rumen fermentation data for modeling nutrient supply to dairy cattle by using two dairy nutrition models – Dutch DVE/OEB system and NRC 2001. The major comparisons were made in terms of i) truly absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE or MP, and ii) degraded protein balance (DPB). The study revealed that zero-amylose waxy hull-less barley was superior (P < 0.05) in both DVE (123 vs. 117, 114, 103 g kg⁻¹ DM) and MP (112 vs. 93, 96, and 87 g kg⁻¹ DM) when hull-less barley was evaluated as a single feed for dairy cattle. All of four hull-less barley varieties had negative DPB (DPB^OEB; −37.4, −17.1, −30.2, and −28.2 g kg⁻¹ DM for normal starch, zero-amylose waxy, waxy, and high-amylose cultivar, respectively), indicating the potential N shortage. In conclusion, the alteration of starch structure in granule provided a relatively balanced energy and protein for microbial synthesis in the rumen. The DVE and DPB predicted by using the DVE/OEB system can be explained (r² > 0.76) by the equivalent parameters, predicted by using the NRC 2001 model. The alteration of starch structure in granule affects metabolic characteristics of the proteins of hull-less barley in ruminants.  相似文献   

阻尼喷头动能分布试验及模型     

刘俊萍  鲍亚  张前  袁寿其  刘兴发 《农业工程学报》2016,32(11):70-75

针对阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性研究较少的问题,该文研究了单位体积动能、动能强度与有无散水齿、不同喷嘴直径之间的关系。在工作压力分别为175、200、250和300 k Pa,喷嘴直径分别为3.6、4.0、4.4和4.8 mm下,采用激光雨滴谱仪对Nelson R33阻尼喷头的水滴直径、速度和数目等参数进行试验测试,并对试验结果分析及模型建立。结果表明:有无散水齿条件下的单位体积动能均有逐渐增大的趋势;距喷头相同测点处,单位体积动能随喷嘴直径的增大而减小;给出了有无散水齿下不同喷嘴阻尼喷头单位体积水滴动能分布模型,相关系数均在0.94以上;在距喷头0~4 m,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度较小且差值不超过0.002 W/m2,在距喷头较远处,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度差值较大,最大差值达到0.006 W/m2。有散水齿时,动能强度在不同压力下波动均比较小,差值不超过5%。该结果为进一步研究阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性提供理论依据。  相似文献   

N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺对淹水土壤脲酶动力学特征的影响     

隽英华  陈利军  武志杰  汪仁 《中国土壤与肥料》2012,(2):18-22

研究了淹水状态下脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对东北4种典型土壤(黑土、白浆土、棕壤、褐土)脲酶动力学参数的影响。结果表明,NBPT对土壤脲酶动力学参数的作用程度受土壤类型、培养时间及其交互作用的显著影响。与对照相比,NBPT使土壤脲酶米氏常数(Km)增加,最大反应速率(Vmax)和Vmax/Km降低,表明NBPT对土壤脲酶的作用机理属于典型的混合型抑制。随培养时间延长,土壤脲酶Km降低,Vmax和Vmax/Km升高,表明NBPT对脲酶的抑制效力逐渐减弱。黑土、白浆土脲酶Km值小于棕壤和褐土,而Vmax则大于棕壤和褐土,表明土壤肥力水平能够影响土壤脲酶的动力学参数。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶Km与粘粒和粉粒含量呈显著正相关关系,与pH值呈显著负相关关系;而Vmax和Vmax/Km的相关性则正好与此相反。  相似文献   

Pollution and Desorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals at Agricultural Soils in Southeastern Iran     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1435-1445

Desorption of heavy metals is an important factor in determining heavy-metal availability in soils. The objective of this research was to determine the applicability of kinetic equations to describe the kinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) desorption at two agricultural soils of Kerman Province in Iran. For Cd and Cu desorption studies, 5 g of the air-dried <2-mm soil fraction was extracted with 25 ml of 0.01 M ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with a shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. The desorption patterns of Cu and Cd were generally characterized by an initial fast reaction, followed by a slower continuing reaction. Desorption of Cu and Cd from the two soils was equally well described by the two-constant rate and simple Elovich equations. The results of this study can be used to make better prediction about the mobility and bioavailability of the Cu and Cd in soil.  相似文献   

Kinetics of Carbon Mineralization and Sequestration of Sole and/or Co-amended Biochar and Cattle Manure in a Sandy Soil     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(20):2593-2609

ABSTRACT

The interactive effect of biochar, cattle manure and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the dynamics of carbon (C) mineralization and stabilization was investigated in a sandy soil amended with three sole biochar (0, 20 or 40 t ha^?1) or manure (0, 13 or 26 t ha^?1) and four combined biochar-manure levels (20 or 40 t ha^?1 biochar plus 13 or 26 t ha^?1 manure) with or without N fertilizer (0 or 90 kg ha^?1) and CO₂-C evolution measured over 54-d incubation period. Biochar application, solely or combined with manure resulted in lower applied C mineralized (ACM), indicating C sequestration in the soils. Negative attributable effect (AE) of co-application of biochar and manure on C mineralization was observed relative to the sole treatments. Both ACM and AE were negatively correlated with C/N ratio and mineral N content of the soil-mixtures (r ≥ – 0.573; p ≤ 0.01), indicating microbial N limitation. The double first-order exponential model described CO₂-C efflux very well and indicated that ≥94% of C applied was apportioned to stable C pools with slower mineralization rate constant and longer half-life. Cumulative C mineralized and modeled C pools were positively correlated with each other (r ≥ 0.853; p ≤ 0.001) and with readily oxidizable C of soil-amendment mixtures (r ≥ 0.861; p ≤ 0.001). The results suggested that co-application of biochar and manure can promote initial rapid mineralization to release plant nutrients but sequester larger amounts of applied C in refractive C pool, resulting in larger C sequestration in sandy soils.  相似文献   

乙草胺对土壤脲酶动力学特征的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张昀  可欣  张广才  关连珠 《植物营养与肥料学报》2012,18(4):916-921

采用室内模拟试验方法,以典型棕壤为供试土壤,研究不同浓度乙草胺对土壤脲酶活性和酶动力学参数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度乙草胺能显著抑制土壤脲酶活性,并在培养的第3～6 d达到最大抑制;利用模型 y=c/(1+bx)和y=c(1+ax)/(1+bx) 对不同浓度乙草胺与土壤酶活性的关系进行拟合,证明模型y=c/(1+bx)拟合效果较好,表明乙草胺除草剂对土壤脲酶的抑制作用为完全抑制,而脲酶ED50 为13.12～75.76 mg/kg;乙草胺的施入使土壤脲酶Vmax值降低,Km值则保持不变,属于典型的非竞争性抑制。  相似文献   

光强对福建马蓝光合特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宁书菊  张英娇  林建勇  魏道智 《中国生态农业学报》2012,20(7):901-908

以药用植物福建马蓝(Strobilanthes cusia)为材料,研究不同光强对福建马蓝光合特性的影响。结果表明,不同光强(100%自然光照、30%自然光照、6%自然光照)处理下,马蓝叶片的光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线。3种光强处理中,以30%自然光强下光合速率最高。与自然光照相比,遮荫条件下(30%自然光照、6%自然光照)马蓝具有较高的初始荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ的光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学量子产额(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和较低的非光化学淬灭系数(qN);遮荫条件下,马蓝是通过提高叶片叶绿素a/b含量,降低光补偿点,提高光系统中光反应中心光化学活性,增强系统的光能转换效率来提高光合速率,以弥补弱光条件下光能的不足。试验发现遮荫条件下,光合速率和气孔导度相关度较低,非气孔因素应是遮阴影响马蓝光合的主要因子,同时发现遮荫使得马蓝气孔对于光照强度响应的敏感度显著增加。光强对马蓝叶片药效学成分靛蓝、靛玉红中靛蓝含量影响不显著,100%自然光处理的靛玉红含量大于两个遮荫处理。福建马蓝适宜于30%自然光照条件下的间作套种或林下栽培,对其生长有利。  相似文献   

生殖生长期源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：12  

王光华  刘晓冰 《大豆科学》1999,18(3):236-241

利用蛋白质，脂肪含量不同的两个大豆品种，在Ｒ１和Ｒ５期，通过去叶或去英，研究源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响，结果表明，Ｒ１期和Ｒ５期去叶１／３对产量和品质影响不大；然而，Ｒ１期全去叶，减少了单株英数，产量降低，但对品质影响不明显；Ｒ５期全去叶，降低了每英粒数和百粒重，有利于蛋白质积累，而不利于脂肪积累，产量降低，Ｒ５期去英１／３增加了单英粒数和百粒重，产量略有提高，脂肪积累增多，蛋白质含量降低  相似文献   

苯甲酸钠对土壤亚硝酸还原酶动力学参数的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李昌满  许明惠 《中国土壤与肥料》2013,(1):97-99

采用改进的α-荼胺-对氨基苯磺酸比色法研究了苯甲酸钠对紫色土亚硝酸还原酶动力学参数的影响。结果表明,苯甲酸钠对灰棕紫泥土亚硝酸还原酶酶促反应的抑制能力随苯甲酸钠浓度的增大而增强,苯甲酸钠的加入,降低了V0、Km和Vmax值,表明苯甲酸钠对土壤亚硝酸还原酶的作用类型表现为反竞争性抑制作用;苯甲酸钠是一种优良的反硝化抑制剂,有良好的应用前景。  相似文献