生物质炭对伊乐藻堆肥过程氨挥发的作用效应研究   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

王海候  沈明星  凃荣文  严慧霞  陆长婴  施林林  周新伟 《农业环境科学学报》2014,33(11):2266-2272

针对水生植物堆肥过程中氮素损失严重的现状,探讨以生物质炭为添加剂的堆肥体氨挥发控制技术,以伊乐藻和稻草为供试材料,采用静态高温好氧堆肥的方法,在生物质炭不同添加比例条件下,监测了伊乐藻与稻草混合堆置过程中氨挥发及其影响因素的变化动态。结果表明:整个堆肥过程中,氨累积挥发量与生物质炭添加比例关系密切(P0.01),与不添加生物质炭的常规对照处理相比,添加比例为5%、10%的处理增加了氨的累积挥发量,而添加比例为15%、20%的处理降低了氨的累积挥发量;不同堆肥时间段,生物质炭不同添加比例处理0~3 d的氨累积挥发量均大于对照,4~6 d的氨累积挥发量,除添加比例5%处理外,均小于对照;伊乐藻堆肥体的氨挥发速率与堆温、铵态氮含量具有显著的偏相关性,其偏相关性均达到P0.05的显著水平;增加生物质炭添加比例,不仅提高了堆肥温度,对堆肥体的氨挥发损失具有负向的促进作用,同时也降低了堆肥体的铵态氮含量,对堆肥体的氨挥发损失具有正向的抑制作用,生物质炭对伊乐藻堆肥体氮素的氨挥发损失具有促进与抑制双重性的作用效应。  相似文献   

猪粪秸秆不同物料比对固体产酸发酵效果的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

杜连柱  陈羚  杨鹏  张克强 《农业工程学报》2010,26(7):272-276

在沼液回流的条件下,研究猪粪和秸秆固体产酸发酵过程中,不同原料配比（猪粪与秸秆质量比分别为4︰1、2︰1、1︰1、1︰3和0︰1即纯秸秆）对产酸发酵效果的影响。试验结果表明：增加发酵原料猪粪比例有利于调节发酵体系pH值,但酸化液中氨氮质量浓度较高;沼液回流能有效避免体系过酸现象;上述不同原料质量配比产酸发酵产物以乙酸为主,试验周期内,累积产乙酸质量分别占各反应器挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）总质量的80.8%、81.8%、77.1%、78.3%和73.8%,酸化液中丙酸质量浓度均低于1.6 g/L,累积产生质量分别占各反应器VFAs总质量的4.8%、2.8%、7.2%、6.5%和8.4%。综合分析表明,猪粪与秸秆比为2︰1时,发酵过程中产酸效果优于其他配比试验。  相似文献   

Comparison of ammonia measurement methods inside and outside tunnel-ventilated broiler houses     

《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2010,19(3):245-262

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The Potential for Plants to Trap Emissions from Farms with Laying Hens: 2. Ammonia and Dust     

《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2008,17(3):398-411

The potential for plants to trap NH₃ and dust [particulate matter (PM)] discharged from a layer house through the exhaust fans was evaluated at The Pennsylvania State University Poultry Education and Research Center in August 2006. Poultry and livestock NH₃ emissions are a concern for air quality, surface deposition, and animal and human health. Particulate matter is a human health concern as well and is regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in nonattainment areas. A vegetative buffer comprising 5 tree species was planted in pot-in-pot containers in 5 rows downwind from 4 henhouse fans, with 1 control row of plants upwind from the fans. When measured with a photoacoustic NH₃ detector at fan elevation (1.5 m), NH₃ concentrations decreased sharply (P ≤ 0.0001) with greater distance, from 71.1 ppm at 0 m (at the fan) to 2.1 ppm at 5.5 m (between rows 2 and 3), 0.3 ppm at 10 m (after row 5), and 0.1 ppm at 50 m (control). This trend was also observed with colorimetric dosi-tubes and a photoacoustic detector at 0.3- and 3.0-m elevations. Significantly lower NH₃ concentrations were recorded at both the 0.3- and 3.0-m elevations in the presence of the trees compared with when the trees were removed from their pot-in-pot containers, suggesting that a portion of the atmospheric NH₃ was being trapped by the plants. This was further supported by greater foliar N concentrations in plants when measured downwind from the fans (P ≤ 0.0001). Dust concentrations sampled downwind from the fans were greatest at 2.5 m and decreased linearly to 50 m (P ≤ 0.0001). Plant PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total PM washed from the foliage showed the same significant linear trend with greater distance from the fans. Plants also showed unique species differences in their capacity to trap and hold NH₃ and PM that can be applied in practical recommendations. These findings indicated vegetative buffers are capable of trapping NH₃ and PM fan emissions from poultry facilities.  相似文献   

Instrumentation for Evaluating Differences in Ammonia Volatilization from Broiler Litter and Cake     

《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2008,17(3):340-347

Greater understanding of the mechanisms affecting NH₃ volatilization from reused broiler bedding is needed to determine pathways for mitigating NH₃ emissions. A chamber acid trap (CAT) system was developed to provide an improved laboratory method for determining NH₃ volatilization from litter or cake samples and for assessing treatment technologies to decrease NH₃ losses from poultry litter. The CAT system offers precision control of air flow rate through sample chambers as well as straightforward, precise determination of the amount of N volatilized. This article outlines the basic setup of the CAT system. The system can be utilized and modified for researching specific mechanisms involving physical, chemical, or biological treatments affecting NH₃ volatilization from litter or cake.  相似文献   

探讨砂仁及鸡血藤之水萃物对肠道健康及功能的影响     

黄雅玲  周志辉 《农产品加工．学刊》2006,(8):95-96,98

研究透过仓鼠的体内试验,探讨砂仁(Amomifructus)及鸡血藤(Millettiareticulata)之水萃物对肠道酵素(如:麦芽糖酶及蔗糖酶)、粪便细菌酵素(如:b-葡萄糖酶、b-葡萄糖醛酸酶、黏液素酶及尿素酶等)及盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸之影响,藉此评估此2种水萃物对肠道健康调节及改善的评估。由实验分析结果得知,水萃物对肠道酵素并无显著差异,但可明显增加粪便的含水量及缩短肠道通过时间,因此可减少有毒物质之产生和吸收,预防肠道产生一些特殊疾病。此外,相较于控制组下,一方面此2种中草药水萃物对b-葡萄糖酶、b-葡萄糖醛酸酶、黏液素酶与尿素酶活性呈现不同程度的降低效果;另一方面,此2种水萃物明显可提高盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量,尤以鸡血藤最为显著。综合分析结果,0.5%中草药水萃物透过降低仓鼠肠道中有害微生物的代谢活性,及促进有益菌的产生而提高发酵能力,藉此而有助于促进肠道健康。  相似文献   

A Study of Urease Electrode for Determination of Urea in Serum     

Zhang Yunhuai  Huang Zongqing  Xiao Peng 《保鲜与加工》1995,(4):67-71

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基施磷肥对石灰性土壤上番茄产量的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

ZHANG Xiao-Sheng  LIAO Hong  CHEN Qing  P. CHRISTIE  LI Xiao-Lin  ZHANG Fu-Suo 《土壤圈》2007,17(1):70-76

A lysimeter experiment with undisturbed soil profiles was carried out to study nitrogen cycling and losses in a paddy soll with applications of coated urea and urea under a rice-wheat rotation system in the Taihu Lake region from 2001 to 2003. Treatments for rice and wheat included urea at conventional, 300 （rice） and 250 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and reduced levels, 150 （rice） and 125 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, coated urea at two levels, 100 （rice） and 75 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and 150 （rice） and 125 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and a control with no nitrogen arranged in a completely randomized design. The results under two rice-wheat rotations showed that N losses through both NH3 volatilization and runoff in the coated urea treatments were much lower than those in the urea treatments. In the urea treatments N runoff losses were significantly （P 〈 0.001） positively correlated （r = 0.851） with applied N. N concentration in surface water increased rapidly to maximum two days after urea application and then decreased quickly. However, if there was no heavy rain within five days of fertilizer application, the likelihood of N loss by runoff was not high. As the treatments showed little difference in N loss via percolation, nitrate N in the groundwater of the paddy fields was not directly related to N leaching. The total yield of the two rice-wheat rotations in the treatment of coated urea at 50% conventional level was higher than that in the treatment of urea at the conventional level. Thus, coated urea was more favorable to rice production and environmental protection than urea.  相似文献   

典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

朱坚  石丽红  田发祥  纪雄辉 《中国土壤与肥料》2015,(2):83-88

采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了湖南典型双季稻田,尿素和碳酸氢铵基施后的氨挥发特征。结果表明,基施碳酸氢铵(NC)稻田初始氨挥发强度和氨挥发总量大于基施尿素(UR)稻田。早稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为45.19 kg·hm-2,损失率达30.12%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为32.93 kg·hm-2,损失率达21.95%;晚稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为70.91 kg·hm-2,损失率达31.93%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为61.78 kg·hm-2,损失率达27.04%。基施尿素能够显著降低稻田氨挥发排放,减少氮素损失。  相似文献   

The effects of nitrogen sludge load and DO on high concentration nitrous nitrifying system     

WEI Chen  ZHONG Ren chao  SHENG Gui shang 《保鲜与加工》2011,(6):64-68

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of nitrogen sludge load and dissolved oxygen(DO) on nitrite nitrification system. The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental data and analysis results: 1) The ammonium degradation rate and the nitrous accumulation rate of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system decline with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is less than two days, the ammonium degradation rate rapidly declines to 25%~29% with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is beyond two days, the ammonium rate of the system slowly falls to 50%~60% with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 2.5 days or 3 days, the declined trend of the system nitrous accumulation rate is not obvious with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 5 days, the decrease of nitrous accumulation rate is caused by the adaptation of sludge. So the NH+4-N sludge load of high concentration nitrous accumulation system should not be too high; 2)With the increase of DO, the ammonium degradation of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system is gradually increased. When the DO is less than 0.7 mg/L, it is not conductive to the ammonium degradation. When the DO is higher than 2 mg/L, the oxide of NH+4-N is changed into the increased of NO3-N and the nitrous accumulation rate declined. If the concentration of DO is controlled within 0.7to 1.3 mg/L, the high concentration nitrous nitrifying system can have a good NH+4-N degradation rate and nitrous accumulation rate.  相似文献