Effect of line shooter and mainline tension on the sink rates of pelagic longlines and implications for seabird interactions     

Graham Robertson  Steven G. Candy  Barbara Wienecke 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2010,20(4):419-427

1. The likelihood that seabirds will be hooked and drowned in longline fisheries increases when baited hooks sink slowly. Fishermen target different fishing depths by setting the mainline through a line shooter, which controls the tension (or slackness) in the line. An experiment was conducted in Australia's pelagic longline fishery to test the hypothesis of no difference in sink rates of baited hooks attached to mainline set under varying degrees of tension. 2. Mainline was set in three configurations typically used in the fishery: (a) surface set tight with no slackness astern; (b) surface set loose with 2 s of slack astern; and (c) deep set loose with 7 s of slack astern. 3. Tension on the mainline had a powerful effect on sink rates. Baited hooks on branch lines attached to tight mainlines reached 2 m depth nearly twice as fast as those on the two loose mainline tensions, averaging 5.8 s (0.35 m s^?1) compared with 9.9 s (0.20 m s^?1) and 11.0 s (0.18 m s^?1) for surface set loose and deep set loose tensions, respectively. 4. The likely reason for the difference is propeller turbulence. Tight mainline entered the water aft of the area affected by turbulence whereas the two loose mainlines and the clip ends of branch lines were set directly into it about 1 m astern of the vessel. The turbulence presumably slowed the sink rates of baited hooks at the other end of the branch lines. 5. The results suggest that mainline deployed with a line shooter (as in deep setting) into propeller turbulence at the vessel stern slows the sink rates of baited hooks, potentially increasing their availability to seabirds. Unless mainline can be set to avoid propeller turbulence the use of line shooters for deep setting should not be promoted as an effective deterrent to seabirds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Ocean distribution and habitat associations of yearling coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon in the northern California Current     

WILLIAM T. PETERSON  CHERYL A. MORGAN  JOSEPH P. FISHER  EDMUNDO CASILLAS 《Fisheries Oceanography》2010,19(6):508-525

Yearling juvenile coho and Chinook salmon were sampled on 28 cruises in June and September 1981–85 and 1998–07 in continental shelf and oceanic waters off the Pacific Northwest. Oceanographic variables measured included temperature, salinity, water depth, and chlorophyll concentration (all cruises) and copepod biomass during the cruises from 1998–07. Juvenile salmonids were found almost exclusively in continental shelf waters, and showed a patchy distribution: half were collected in ～5% of the collections and none were collected in ～40% of the collections. Variance‐to‐mean ratios of the catches were high, also indicating patchy spatial distributions for both species. The salmon were most abundant in the vicinity of the Columbia River and the Washington coast in June; by September, both were less abundant, although still found mainly off Washington. In June, the geographic center‐of‐mass of the distribution for each species was located off Grays Harbor, WA, near the northern end of our sampling grid, but in September, it shifted southward and inshore. Coho salmon ranged further offshore than Chinook salmon: in June, the average median depth where they were caught was 85.6 and 55.0 m, respectively, and in September it was 65.5 and 43.7 m, respectively. Abundances of both species were significantly correlated with water depth (negatively), chlorophyll (positively) and copepod biomass (positively). Abundances of yearling Chinook salmon, but not of yearling coho salmon, were correlated with temperature (negatively). We discuss the potential role of coastal upwelling, submarine canyons and krill in determining the spatial distributions of the salmon.  相似文献   

2011年春、夏、秋三季莱州湾浮游植物群落演替及其与主要中上层鱼类资源密度的关系     

栾青杉  吴强 《中国水产科学》2020,27(5):547-558

于2011年5-10月对莱州湾渔业资源与栖息环境进行了6个航次的逐月大面调查,研究了春末至秋中网采浮游植物群落结构的演替,并利用广义可加模型分析了其与主要小型中上层鱼类资源密度的关系。共记录浮游植物33属78种,总丰度在春、秋季各出现1个峰值,分别为265×10⁴ ind/m³和111×10⁴ind/m³。春末夏初优势种主要为具槽帕拉藻（Coscinodiscus）、角毛藻（）属逐渐形成优势。夏末至秋中,物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度皆呈现上升的趋势。将环境和浮游植物群落指标作为解释变量逐步优化后的广义可加终模型,对4种鱼类CPUE总偏差的累积解释率达到了76.5%,月份、海表温度、夜光藻丰度、圆筛藻丰度、甲/硅藻比5个预测变量皆达到显著水平以上,甲/硅藻比的升高对渔业资源密度分布表现出正向的作用。结果表明,莱州湾浮游植物群落长期演变后的类群结构和丰度水平,对鱼类群落结构及其资源量现状的可持续性有着积极的意义。本研究为深入探讨渔业种群关键栖息地早期补充和食物网过程的影响因素,从浮游植物饵料基础变动的角度提供了数据资料和科学依据。  相似文献   

北太平洋小型中上层鱼类资源对气候–海洋变化的响应研究进展     

王靓  花传祥  朱清澄  李非 《中国水产科学》2020,27(11):1379-1392

小型中上层鱼类是北太平洋海域重要的渔业资源,具有生命周期短、生长速度快、高集群性等特点,其资源年间波动显著,且受气候-海洋变化的影响。本文围绕秋刀鱼（Coloabis saira）、鲣（Katsuwonus pelamis）、鲐（Scomber japonicus）、鳀（Engraulis japonious）、竹䇲鱼（Trachurus japonicus）、沙丁鱼（Sardinops sagax）6种主要的小型中上层鱼类,回顾了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（El Niño/La Niña-southern oscillation,ENSO）、太平洋年代际振荡（the Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO）、黑潮-亲潮（Kuroshio-Oyashio,KR-OY）等关键气候-海洋指数的特点及对鱼类栖息地环境和资源变动的影响。概括了气候-海洋变化对小型中上层鱼类的洄游分布和资源丰度的直接影响过程,以及对亲体繁殖产卵、仔稚体成活率和资源量波动间接的滞后影响过程。建议：（1）在多种气候-海洋指数基础上添加种群动态过程、捕捞方式系数、自然死亡率等参数构建生物量动态模型,揭示气候-海洋变化对渔业资源量的影响过程;（2）结合北太平洋涛动（North Pacific oscillation,NPO）、北极涛动（Arctic oscillation,AO）、北太平洋环流振荡（North Pacific gyre oscillation,NPGO）等其他北太平洋主要气候,基于物理海洋模型及空间耦合水动力学模型研究大尺度海流、中尺度涡旋对小型中上层鱼类影响。  相似文献   

The spring/early summer distribution of Calanus spp. in the northern North Sea and adjacent areas     

H. Madden  D. Beare  M.R. Heath  J.G. Fraser  & A. Gallego 《Fisheries Oceanography》1999,8(S1):138-152

The spring/early summer distribution of Calanus spp. in the north-eastern Atlantic and the northern North Sea was studied from data collected on three cruises between 1992 and 1995, and compared against estimates from Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) data obtained between 1958 and 1993. The patterns observed in both data sets were examined in relation to the hypothesis proposed by Backhaus et al . (1994 ) to explain the annual spring invasion of the northern North Sea by Calanus finmarchicus . The results confirmed that arrival of Calanus spp. in the northern North Sea started in March. The main routes of transport into the area were the Norwegian Trench Atlantic Inflow and East Shetland Atlantic Inflow. The highest abundances of Calanus spp. juveniles (stages CI–IV) were found in May in both CPR and cruise data. Although significant differences in absolute abundance of Calanus spp. were found between CPR and cruise data, similar geographical and temporal patterns of spring advection into the North Sea were derived from both data sources, these patterns being consistent with the hypothesized transport mechanisms.  相似文献   

闽南-台湾浅滩渔场六种主要中上层鱼类的生化组成检测分析     

吴志强  丘书院  杨圣云 《水产学报》2000,(5)

检测了闽南 -台湾浅滩渔场六种主要中上层鱼类 (蓝圆、金色小沙丁鱼、鲐鱼、颌圆、竹鱼、羽鳃鲐 )鱼肌的生化组成 ,蛋白质含量为 16 .94%～ 18.77% ,脂肪含量为 2 0 .12 %～ 2 5 .15 %。随鱼体体长的增加 ,脂肪含量增长。鱼肌脂肪含量与繁殖活动存在密切相关的季节变动。鱼肌中均含 17种氨基酸 ,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的 45 .2 5 %～ 49.39% ,极性氨基酸占 42 .82 %～ 45 .16 % ,非极性氨基酸占 39.2 4%～ 41.5 9% ,鲜味氨基酸占 42 .5 6 %～ 46 .0 2 %。  相似文献   

Habitat associations of Atlantic herring in the Shetland area: influence of spatial scale and geographic segmentation     

CHRISTOS D. Maravelias 《Fisheries Oceanography》2001,10(3):259-267

This study considers the habitat associations of a pelagic species with a range of biotic and abiotic factors at three different spatial scales. Generalized additive models (GAM) are used to analyse trends in the distributional abundance of Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ) in relation to thermocline and water depth, seabed roughness and hardness, sea surface salinity and temperature, zooplankton abundance and spatial location. Two geographical segments of the population, those east and west of the Shetland Islands (northern North Sea, ICES Div IVa), are examined. The differences in the ecological preferences of the species in these two distinct geographical areas are elucidated and the degree that these environmental relationships might be modulated by the change of support of the data is also considered. Part of the observed variability of the pre-spawning distribution of herring was explained by different parameters in these two regions. Notwithstanding this, key determinants of the species' spatial aggregation in both areas were zooplankton abundance and the nature of the seabed substrate. The relative importance of the variables examined did not change significantly at different spatial scales of the observation window. The diverse significance of various environmental factors on herring distribution was attributed mainly to the interaction of species' dynamics with the different characteristics of the ecosystem, east and west of the Shetland Islands. Results suggest that the current 2.5 nautical miles as elementary sampling distance unit (ESDU) is a reasonable sampling scheme that combines the need to reduce the data volume while maintaining spatial resolution to distinguish the species/environment relationships.  相似文献   

Distribution patterns and population structure of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans          下载免费PDF全文

Rui Coelho  Jaime Mejuto  Andrés Domingo  Kotaro Yokawa  Kwang‐Ming Liu  Enric Cortés  Evgeny V. Romanov  Charlene da Silva  Fábio Hazin  Freddy Arocha  Aldrin Masawbi Mwilima  Pascal Bach  Victoria Ortiz de Zárate  William Roche  Pedro G. Lino  Blanca García‐Cortés  Ana M. Ramos‐Cartelle  Rodrigo Forselledo  Federico Mas  Seiji Ohshimo  Dean Courtney  Philippe S. Sabarros  Bernardo Perez  Ciara Wogerbauer  Wen‐Pei Tsai  Felipe Carvalho  Miguel N. Santos 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(1):90-106

The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is the most frequently captured shark in pelagic oceanic fisheries, especially pelagic longlines targeting swordfish and/or tunas. As part of cooperative scientific efforts for fisheries and biological data collection, information from fishery observers, scientific projects and surveys, and from recreational fisheries from several nations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans was compiled. Data sets included information on location, size and sex, in a total of 478,220 blue shark records collected between 1966 and 2014. Sizes ranged from 36 to 394 cm fork length. Considerable variability was observed in the size distribution by region and season in both oceans. Larger blue sharks tend to occur in equatorial and tropical regions, and smaller specimens in higher latitudes in temperate waters. Differences in sex ratios were also detected spatially and seasonally. Nursery areas in the Atlantic seem to occur in the temperate south‐east off South Africa and Namibia, in the south‐west off southern Brazil and Uruguay, and in the north‐east off the Iberian Peninsula and the Azores. Parturition may occur in the tropical north‐east off West Africa. In the Indian Ocean, nursery areas also seem to occur in temperate waters, especially in the south‐west Indian Ocean off South Africa, and in the south‐east off south‐western Australia. The distributional patterns presented in this study provide a better understanding of how blue sharks segregate by size and sex, spatially and temporally, and improve the scientific advice to help adopt more informed and efficient management and conservation measures for this cosmopolitan species.  相似文献   

Differences in stable isotope ratios of Dall’s porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) between coastal and oceanic areas of the North Pacific     

HIROSHI OHIZUMI  NOBUYUKI MIYAZAKI 《Fisheries Oceanography》2010,19(4):257-261

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in the muscle of Dall’s porpoises were measured. Samples were collected from the catches of the hand harpoon fishery, incidental catches of drift net, and scientific research on the use of drift nets. Samples were from the North Pacific, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, and Bering Sea. Although no variation in δ¹⁵N was observed, δ¹³C was significantly different between population groups near Japan and the oceanic North Pacific and Bering Sea. The difference may be due not only to local variation in prey species, but also to an overall difference in carbon stable isotope ratios that originate from coastal benthic or oceanic pelagic‐based food webs. We differentiated Dall’s porpoise population groups from both areas using carbon stable isotope ratios with an error rate of <5%. Although further study is needed, our results suggest that carbon stable isotope ratios could possibly be an indicator of whether a Dall’s porpoise belongs to a coastal benthic or oceanic pelagic food web.  相似文献   

Assessing the abundance and distribution of eggs of sardine, Sardinops sagax, and round herring, Etrumeus whiteheadi, on the western Agulhas Bank, South Africa, using a continuous, underway fish egg sampler     

C.D. VAN DER LINGEN  CHECKLEY JR  BARANGE  HUTCHINGS  & OSGOOD 《Fisheries Oceanography》1998,7(1):35-47

A continuous, underway fish egg sampler (CUFES) was employed to assess the abundance and distribution of eggs of both sardine, Sardinops sagax , and round herring, Etrumeus whiteheadi , on the Western Agulhas Bank, South Africa, during September 1996. Samples were collected while underway along six inshore/offshore transects, and at stations along the transects. Volumetric estimates of egg density (eggs m⁻³) from on-station CUFES samples were highly correlated with both volumetric and areal (eggs m⁻²) estimates of egg density from samples collected from CalVET net hauls at these stations, demonstrating the validity of this novel sampling technique. Sardine and round herring eggs were encountered in a band running parallel to the coast and extending from 10 to 30 nautical miles offshore to the shelf edge, and highest egg densities were associated with strong north-west-flowing currents in the region of the shelf edge. Collecting samples while underway increased the precision of the estimate of mean egg density for sardine eggs but not for round herring eggs. The use of CUFES in obtaining a fine-scale resolution of sardine egg distribution, and as a tool for stock assessment, are discussed.  相似文献