Productivity gains by fertilisation in Eucalyptus urophylla clonal plantations across gradients in site and stand conditions     

《Southern Forests》2013,75(4):253-258

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Diversity of non‐structural carbohydrates in grasses (Poaceae) from Brazil     

M. G. Moraes  N. J. Chatterton  P. A. Harrison  T. S. Filgueiras  R. C. L. Figueiredo‐Ribeiro 《Grass and Forage Science》2013,68(1):165-177

Non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) are the primary energy available for growth and dry‐mass production in forage grasses. They are also associated with tolerance to environmental stresses, including drought. Soluble carbohydrates, especially fructans of temperate forage grasses, have been extensively studied; however, little is known about NSC of tropical grasses. These plants are abundant in the Cerrado, a savanna‐like vegetation with a definite seasonality in rainfall distribution. Such an environment presents an ideal condition for the occurrence of fructans. However, the present analysis of carbohydrates in aerial parts of twenty‐four tropical grass species, mainly from the Panicoideae subfamily in the Cerrado, shows a distinctively different NSC profile when compared with temperate grasses. Free glucose and starch are common NSC found in most plant organs. However, free fructose and sucrose‐based oligosaccharides were only found in very low amounts. Sucrose was detected in higher amounts only in stems. A linear series of malto‐oligosaccharides was found in leaf blades, sheaths and stems of most of the Cerrado grasses, except for those from the Andropogoneae tribe. These results indicate a diversity of regulatory pathways of NSC metabolism in tropical forage grasses from the Cerrado.  相似文献   

Characterization of the nutritive value of tropical legume grains as alternative ingredients for small‐scale pork producers using in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation*     

J. Torres  L. S. Muñoz  M. Peters  C. A. Montoya 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2013,97(6):1066-1074

In the tropic, the small‐scale pork production is negatively influenced by the low availability of high protein ingredients. The study aimed to compare the protein and starch hydrolysis as well as fibre fermentation of five tropical legume grains (Canavalia brasiliensis, CB; Lablab purpureus, LP; Vigna unguiculata, white WVU; pink PVU and red RVU) and a control (extruded full‐fat soybean (SB)), using an in vitro model that simulated digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. A sequential in vitro hydrolysis was carried out with pepsin (120 min) and pancreatin (240 min) to determine the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of protein and starch. The indigestible residue was fermented in vitro with pig faecal inoculum to compare the modelled kinetics of gas production over 72 h and the production of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). After 360 min of pepsin–pancreatin hydrolysis, SB and WVU had the highest protein hydrolysis (76% and 66%) and PVU and WVU the highest starch hydrolysis (70% and 64%) (p < 0.01). The in vitro fermentation of the indigestible residue of WVU resulted in the highest (482 ml/g DM; p < 0.001) and CB the lowest (335 ml/g DM) gas production. These data were consistent with the SCFA production. Butyrate, propionate and total SCFA were higher (or tended) for RVU and WVU when compared with CB and SB (p = 0.015–0.085). In conclusion, the high DH of protein and starch as well as the high gas and SCFA production obtained with raw WVU makes it an interesting alternative to SB as a feedstuff for swine nutrition in the tropic. Other legume grains (LP and CB) cannot be used by pigs in their raw form.  相似文献   

A new species of Rosenscheldia (Dothideomycetes) from Brazil     

Fbio A. Custdio  Andr L. Firmino  Olinto L. Pereira 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(1)

A fungus forming black stromata with several immersed ascomata was found associated with living branches of Protium warmingianum (Burseraceae) in the Mata da Biologia, city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species differs from all five species found on literature and is fully described, illustrated and compared with the other species described in the genus. This is the first species of Rosenscheldia found on burseraceae hosts in Brazil and the first species on the host genus Protium.  相似文献   

巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济林业发展比较与分析     

李伟  何淑嫱  潘瑶  沈立新 《世界林业研究》2019,32(4):86-91

热带森林生态系统具有重要的生态系统服务功能和价值,然而人类社会发展正影响着其完整性和稳定性。以巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济为代表的太平洋岛国拥有丰富的热带森林资源,但森林资源的过度采伐和土地资源的不合理利用正在导致热带森林面积急剧减少。文中介绍了巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济这3个太平洋岛国的森林资源现状,着重分析和比较了这些国家的森林资源现状、林业管理体制、政策与机构,以及林业生产与贸易状况,以期为在“一带一路”倡议下我国开拓太平洋岛国地区国际市场提供重要信息支撑。  相似文献   

热带高温地区碾压混凝土重力坝温控措施     

张晓飞  王晓平  张昕  刘茜  黄宇  李守义 《排灌机械工程学报》2019,37(10):863-869

为了研究在高温环境下浇筑大坝混凝土时,控制浇筑温度和通冷却水等常用温控措施的效果、探索适用于高温施工环境的温控措施,利用有限元法对某一位于热带高温地区的碾压混凝土重力坝进行了施工期和运行期的全过程温度场和温度应力场仿真计算,对比分析了不同冷却水水温和浇筑温度下的坝体温度场和温度应力场.计算结果表明,坝体温度应力受浇筑温度和冷却水水温影响较大,将坝体基础约束区的浇筑温度从25℃降低到23℃、冷却水水温从20℃降低到15℃时,坝体最高温度从36.9℃降低到了34.6℃、最大温度应力从1.64MPa降低到了1.40MPa,此结果满足该大坝温控防裂要求.由此可见,在高温地区建混凝土坝时,在相对较高的浇筑温度和冷却水水温的施工条件下,坝体的温度和温度应力可得到有效控制.研究成果对简化温控措施、缩短工期、减少投资有重要参考意义.  相似文献   

Stem elongation in Pennisetum purpureum results from a fixed pattern of vegetative development potentially enhanced by the initiation of flowering     

Guilherme Portes Silva  Sila Carneiro da Silva  Abraham Escobar‐Guttirrez  Gilles Lemaire  Gaëtan Louarn 《Grass and Forage Science》2019,74(4):708-719

The characterization of stem elongation is of fundamental importance in C4 tropical grasses as it affects forage quality and determines optimal management practices. The objectives of this study were to analyse the determinants of stem elongation and leaf area production in shoots of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier (elephant grass) using unstressed isolated plants. Three experiments were conducted in Brazil during the spring, summer and autumn seasons. Regular measurements of leaf and pseudostem length were performed on the main and primary axes. Ten destructive measurements were also performed during each experiment to monitor apical meristem height, internode length and the number of initiated leaves. The onset of stem elongation occurred at the same vegetative stage (i.e., appearance of leaf 13) irrespective of the seasons and experiments. The first internode to elongate belonged to phytomer 8, and a constant lag of five phyllochrons was systematically observed between internode production and its rapid elongation period. Higher stem and internode elongation rates were observed during the reproductive phase (autumn) versus the vegetative phase (summer and spring group). Maximal internode length reached 8–10 cm in summer and spring and 20 cm in autumn, at approximately phytomers 12–13. A similar pattern was reported for all primary axes irrespective of the experiments, the position of the first internode to elongate descending regularly down the main axis. These results provide key elements to predict the onset of stem elongation in the field from simple measurements. They could contribute to improving crop models for perennial tropical C4 grasses.  相似文献   

CO2 fertilization does not affect biomass production and nutritive value of a C4 tropical grass in short timeframe     

Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho  Paulo de Mello Tavares Lima  Gabriel Zanuto Sakita  Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva  Wilian dos Santos da Costa  Raquel Ghini  Adibe Luiz Abdalla  Marisa de Cssia Piccolo 《Grass and Forage Science》2019,74(4):670-677

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a consequence of recent anthropogenic environmental changes, and few studies have evaluated its effects on tropical grasses used in Brazilian pastures, the main feed source for major part of ruminant livestock. This study evaluated forage production, chemical composition, in vitro total gas production and organic matter degradability of Brachiaria brizantha under contrasting CO₂ atmospheric conditions in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility. The forage plants were sown in each of the 12 octagonal rings of the FACE facility: six under ambient atmospheric CO₂ concentration of approximately 390 μmol/mol, hereafter referred to as control (CON) plots, and other six rings enriched with pure CO₂ flux to achieve a target CO₂ concentration of 550 μmol/mol, hereafter called elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) plots. Soil samples were collected to determine carbon and nitrogen concentrations. After seventy days of sowing, a standardization cutting was performed and then at regular intervals of 21 days the forage was harvested (ten harvest dates) and forwarded to laboratorial analyses. Forage above‐ground biomass production (dry matter (DM): 6,143 vs. 6,554 kg/ha), as well as morphological characteristics (leaves: 71% vs. 68%; stem: 28% vs. 31%), chemical composition (crude protein: 162.9 vs. 161.8; neutral detergent fibre: 663.8 vs. 664.3; acid detergent fibre: 369.5 vs. 381; lignin: 60.1 vs. 64.1 g/kg DM; total C: 45.9 vs. 45.9; total N: 2.8 vs. 2.8; total S: 0.2% vs. 0.2%), organic matter in vitro degradability (573.5 vs. 585.3 g/kg), methane (5.7 vs. 4.3 ml/g DM) and total gas (128.3 vs. 94.5 ml/g DM) production did not differ significantly between CON and eCO₂ treatments (p > .05). The results indicated that at least under short‐term enrichment, B. brizantha was not affected by eCO₂.  相似文献   

我国热带作物多主棒孢种群多样性及致病力分化分析     

李博勋  冯艳丽  刘先宝  蔡吉苗  陆翠梅  郑肖兰  黄贵修 《热带作物学报》2019,40(12):2456-2465

多主棒孢（Corynespora cassiicola）是一种全球分布的重要植物病原真菌,寄主范围十分广泛。近年来,该病原菌侵染危害多种热带作物,并在局部地区大面积暴发流行,造成巨大的经济损失。本研究利用核糖体转录间隔区（Internal transcribed spacer, ITS）、翻译延伸因子（translation elongation factor 1 alpha, EF-1α）、β微管蛋白（β-Tubulin, TUB）,对来自橡胶树、木薯、番木瓜和瓜菜等多种热带作物的70株多主棒孢进行种群多样性分析。结果发现,利用最大似然法,在相似系数为0.97时可将供试菌株划分为两大遗传类群：类群Ⅰ为国内和一些国外橡胶树的多主棒孢;类群Ⅱ为其他寄主多主棒孢,遗传类群与寄主来源具有显著的相关性。致病力测定表明,多主棒孢种内致病力分化明显,类群Ⅰ的橡胶树多主棒孢仅能侵染橡胶树,不能侵染其他寄主,具有明显的寄主专化性,且不同地理来源的菌株致病力差异不显著。类群Ⅱ的多主棒孢在不同寄主间可以相互侵染,但菌株在致病力和发病症状上存在一定差异,表现出对其原寄主的高度致病力。多基因序列聚类分析与致病力分化分析结果具有较好的一致性,这为研究我国热带作物多主棒孢的种群结构、主要致病型以及为多主棒孢病害的发生、流行和防治提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

热带植物基因组研究进展     

李丹  陈晓慧  赖钟雄 《热带作物学报》2019,40(10):1875-1888

基于全基因组测序结果,探讨了包括热带水果香蕉（Musa spp.）、龙眼（Dimocarpus longan）、番木瓜（Carica papaya）、菠萝（Ananas comosus）、椰子（Cocos nucifera）、榴莲（Durio zibethinus）,经济作物橡胶（Hevea brasiliensis）、木薯（Manihot esculenta）、枣椰（Phoenix dactylifera）、可可（Theobroma cacao）、油棕（Elaeis guineensis）、咖啡（Coffea canephora）以及药用植物铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）在内的13种热带植物的全基因组测序的发展历程,并对热带植物基因组研究进行了概述。  相似文献