基施磷肥对石灰性土壤上番茄产量的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

ZHANG Xiao-Sheng  LIAO Hong  CHEN Qing  P. CHRISTIE  LI Xiao-Lin  ZHANG Fu-Suo 《土壤圈》2007,17(1):70-76

A lysimeter experiment with undisturbed soil profiles was carried out to study nitrogen cycling and losses in a paddy soll with applications of coated urea and urea under a rice-wheat rotation system in the Taihu Lake region from 2001 to 2003. Treatments for rice and wheat included urea at conventional, 300 （rice） and 250 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and reduced levels, 150 （rice） and 125 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, coated urea at two levels, 100 （rice） and 75 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and 150 （rice） and 125 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and a control with no nitrogen arranged in a completely randomized design. The results under two rice-wheat rotations showed that N losses through both NH3 volatilization and runoff in the coated urea treatments were much lower than those in the urea treatments. In the urea treatments N runoff losses were significantly （P 〈 0.001） positively correlated （r = 0.851） with applied N. N concentration in surface water increased rapidly to maximum two days after urea application and then decreased quickly. However, if there was no heavy rain within five days of fertilizer application, the likelihood of N loss by runoff was not high. As the treatments showed little difference in N loss via percolation, nitrate N in the groundwater of the paddy fields was not directly related to N leaching. The total yield of the two rice-wheat rotations in the treatment of coated urea at 50% conventional level was higher than that in the treatment of urea at the conventional level. Thus, coated urea was more favorable to rice production and environmental protection than urea.  相似文献   

微波消解—ICP-OES法同时测定有机肥、复混肥和尿素中多种元素含量的研究          下载免费PDF全文

郭启新  张蕾  舒平 《中国土壤与肥料》2015,(5):122-124

采用微波消解法处理样品,建立了电感耦合等离子体光谱法同时测定有机肥、复混肥和尿素中铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)和锑(Sb)11种元素的分析方法。优化了微波消解条件、仪器条件,进行了方法的检出限、精密度、准确性试验。方法检出限为0.003~0.015 mg/L,相对标准偏差均8.1%,回收率为82.4%~103%,通过水系沉积物标准参考样(GBW-07311)及国家标准方法的验证表明,该方法具有简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高等特点,适合有机肥、复混肥和尿素中11种元素的同时测定。  相似文献   

Hypoglycemic effect of lupin seed γ-conglutin in experimental animals and healthy human subjects   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Bertoglio JC  Calvo MA  Hancke JL  Burgos RA  Riva A  Morazzoni P  Ponzone C  Magni C  Duranti M 《Fitoterapia》2011,82(7):933-938

A lupin seed γ-conglutin-enriched preparation was tested in a glucose overload trial with both murine models and adult healthy volunteers. The results with rats showed a dose-dependent significant decrease of blood glucose concentration, which confirmed previous findings obtained with the purified protein. Moreover, three test-product doses equivalent to 630, 315, and 157.5 mg γ-conglutin, orally administered 30 min before the carbohydrate supply, showed a relevant hypoglycemic effect in human trials. Insulin concentrations were not significantly affected. The general hematic parameters did not change at all.This is the first report on the glucose-lowering effect of lupin γ-conglutin in human subjects.  相似文献   

华北平原农田生态系统土壤C、N净矿化及尿素转化研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

杨莉琳  张福锁  毛仁钊  高强  巨晓棠 《植物营养与肥料学报》2007,13(5):824-830

以华北平原区4个农田生态系统[京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)和河北栾城(LF)、河北南皮(NF)、山东惠民(HF)3个粮田]为研究对象,采用室内好气、恒温、避光条件下培养30.d,对比研究了不同海拔和不同农业扰动强度下的农田生态系统中耕层(020.cm)土壤的净N矿化、净硝化、净C矿化以及尿素的转化,旨在探索人类农业扰动强度和地理海拔对土壤供N潜力和尿素N转化的影响。结果表明,4个地区的土壤供N潜力分别为:14.4、13.2,17.7和16.5.mg/kg,说明高度熟化的华北区农田土壤供N潜力相对稳定。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚和以施用化肥为主的粮田对土壤供N没有显著影响。农田土壤净矿化后的供N形式主要是NO3--N。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚积累了较高的土壤有机质和全N,但是土壤净C矿化以及施用尿素后CO2的排放量均低于以施用化肥为主的粮田。尿素在各区域农田土壤中水解转化后均主要以NO3--N形式存在,NO3--N占尿素水解后无机N增量的98%9～9%;华北平原农田生态系统施入尿素态N.30d后,水解成有效态无机N的转化率为63.4%8～3.2%,即每克尿素态N在京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)、栾城高产农田(LF)、南皮农田(NF)和惠民农田(HF)土壤中转化为NO3--N的量分别为0.69、0.82、0.64和0.63.g/kg,同时可使相应区域农田的CO2排放量分别增加CO21.20、1.360、.67和1.58.g/kg。  相似文献   

典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

朱坚  石丽红  田发祥  纪雄辉 《中国土壤与肥料》2015,(2):83-88

采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了湖南典型双季稻田,尿素和碳酸氢铵基施后的氨挥发特征。结果表明,基施碳酸氢铵(NC)稻田初始氨挥发强度和氨挥发总量大于基施尿素(UR)稻田。早稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为45.19 kg·hm-2,损失率达30.12%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为32.93 kg·hm-2,损失率达21.95%;晚稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为70.91 kg·hm-2,损失率达31.93%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为61.78 kg·hm-2,损失率达27.04%。基施尿素能够显著降低稻田氨挥发排放,减少氮素损失。  相似文献   

包膜尿素的养分释放特征及其肥效   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11  

田吉林  诸海焘  廖宗文  杜建军 《水土保持学报》2006,20(6):128-132

应用固-液反应包膜工艺，采用4种改性的无机包膜材料，试制出了成本较低的包膜缓释尿素，用水中溶出率法测定了包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征，应用盆栽水稻评价了包膜缓释尿素的肥效，并与国外的有机缓释氮肥（Methylene Urea）和高聚物包膜复合肥（Osmocotte）进行了比较，表明固-液反应型包膜尿素具有较好的养分缓释效果，4种包膜尿素与等氮和等重常规尿素相比，栽培水稻都有一定的增产作用，并提高了肥料利用率，其中LU增产最显著，比等氮和等重尿素处理分别增产41．5％和35．7％，肥料当季利用率达到43．9％，好于国外的有机缓释氮肥和高聚物包膜复合肥。养分释放特征与水稻氮素营养特征较为接近，可为水稻一次性施肥所用。  相似文献   

菜地土壤中氮肥的反硝化损失和N₂O排放   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

CAO Bing  He Fa-Yun  Xu Qiu-Ming  Yin Bin  CAI Gui-Xin 《土壤圈》2006,16(3):390-397

A field experiment was conducted on Chinese cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis （Lour.） Olsson） in a Nanjing suburb in 2003. The experiment included 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates： zero chemical fertilizer N （CK）; urea at rates of 300 kg N ha^-1 （U300） and 600 kg N ha^-1 （U600）, both as basal and two topdressings; and polymer-coated urea at a rate of 180 kg N ha^-1 （PCU180） as a basal application. The acetylene inhibition technique was used to measure denitrification （N2 ＋ N2O） from intact soil cores and N2O emissions in the absence of acetylene. Results showed that compared to （3K total denitrification losses were significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） in the PCU180, U300, and U600 treatments,while N2O emissions in the U300 and U600 treatments were significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） than （3K. In the U300 and U600 treatments peaks of denitrification and N2O emission were usually observed after N application. In the polymer-coated urea treatment （PCU180） during the period 20 to 40 days after transplanting, higher denitrification rates and N2O fluxes occurred. Compared with urea, polymer-coated urea did not show any effect on reducing denitrification losses and N2O emissions in terms of percentage of applied N. As temperature gradually decreased from transplanting to harvest, denitrification rates and N2O emissions tended to decrease. A significant （P ≤0.01） positive correlation occurred between denitrification （r = 0.872） or N2O emission （r = 0.781） flux densities and soil temperature in the CK treatment with a stable nitrate content during the whole growing season.  相似文献   

Grain yield increases in wheat and barley to nitrogen applied after transient waterlogging in the high rainfall cropping zone of western Australia     

Narelle L. Simpson  Walter K. Anderson 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(7):974-992

Nitrogen (N) is a major factor limiting grain production in the high rainfall zone (HRZ, 450–700 mm annual average rainfall of southwestern Australia (SWA). Transient waterlogging and leaching of applied N fertilizer are hazards faced in most years by crop producers. The major crops are wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifiolius L.) grown in rotation. Two series of experiments involving, levels and timing of N fertilizer application and levels of plant population were done. The first series, in 2003–2004, consisted of 3 experiments in 3 growing seasons (early May to late-October) to measure the grain yield (GY) increase (response) of wheat and barley to various methods of N fertilizer application (methods of split N application were compared to N applied at sowing). The aim of the experiments was to determine the optimal N fertilizer application strategy for maximum GY and quality in situations where transient waterlogging was a frequent occurrence. The second series of four experiments, from 2007–2009, measured the GY of wheat sown at three levels of plant population to 4 levels of N applied after transient waterlogging (taken to be rainfall events in which >25 mm of rain was recorded in 24 to 48 hours).

Applying the N fertilizer after high rainfall and transient waterlogging (tactical N application) increased GY and protein percentage of grain compared to applying all of the N fertilizer at sowing. Where transient waterlogging was not frequent, applying the N after waterlogging was not always better than applying part of the N according to growth stage of the crop or according to fixed times after sowing. When the crop was water-logged three or more times, N uptake by the crop at anthesis and apparent fertilizer N recovery in the crop was substantially increased by applying the N after waterlogging compared to applying the entire N at sowing. This study found that a tactical N management strategy for the HRZ of SWA is to apply some N at sowing with subsequent applications made after heavy rainfall that leads to transient waterlogging. Split N fertilizer applied either according to time after sowing or to growth stage of the crop was equally effective for increasing GY in situations where waterlogging was less frequent.

The observation from these experiments, that grain yield increases due to splitting the N dose were associated with increases in ear numbers, lead to a further set of experiments where plant population was increased in conjunction with N applied after waterlogging events. The combined strategy of increased plant population with strategic N application decreased the amount of N required for maximum GY where more than 3 heavy rainfall events occurred in a growing season.

One practical outcome of this research is to indicate that farmers can withhold applications of N fertilizer after sowing in seasons when transient waterlogging does not occur.  相似文献   

灌溉水盐度对滴灌棉田土壤氨挥发的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

周广威  张文  闵伟  马丽娟  侯振安 《植物营养与肥料学报》2015,21(2):413-420

【目的】氨挥发是农田氮素损失的重要途径之一,咸水灌溉直接或间接影响土壤的理化性质,进而影响土壤氨挥发,但目前对于咸水灌溉下氨挥发的报道还较少。因此通过田间试验研究尿素滴灌施肥条件下,淡水和咸水灌溉对棉田土壤氨挥发的影响。【方法】试验设置淡水和咸水两种灌溉水,其电导率(EC)分别为0.35和8.04d S/m(分别用CK和SW表示),氮肥(N)用量为240 kg/hm2。氨挥发的收集采用密闭室法,用稀硫酸作为氨的吸收液,测定用靛酚蓝比色法。【结果】1)灌溉施肥后,咸水滴灌棉田土壤盐分、脲酶活性和铵态氮含量均显著高于淡水滴灌。SW处理土壤电导率(EC1∶5)较CK平均高出4.53倍。灌溉施肥后SW处理土壤脲酶活性迅速增加,第4天达到最大,随后降低,SW处理脲酶活性较CK处理平均增加了20.6%。SW处理土壤铵态氮含量明显高于CK处理,尤其是灌溉施肥后第2天,SW处理铵态氮含量比CK处理增加了66.1%。2)SW处理棉田土壤p H值低于CK处理,但在灌溉施肥周期内都呈先增加后降低趋势,p H的变化在7.6~8.0之间。3)SW处理抑制了硝化作用,SW处理土壤硝态氮含量较CK处理显著降低。SW处理土壤硝态氮含量平均较CK低7.68%。4)3个灌溉施肥周期的平均温度分别为24.6℃、26.05℃和24.9℃,因此在第2个和第3个灌溉施肥周期氨挥发高,第1个灌溉施肥周期的总降水量最大,分别比第2和3个灌溉施肥周期高3.7 mm和10.2 mm,但降水量远远小于灌溉量,因此对于氨挥发影响不大。5)总体上,土壤氨挥发损失量在灌溉施肥后1~2天最大,占氨挥发总量的45.7%~79.3%,随后呈降低趋势;灌溉施肥后第1天土壤氨挥发最大,在3个灌溉施肥周期,SW处理第1天的氨挥发较CK分别增加70.7%、69.43%和60.8%。SW处理棉田土壤氨挥发显著高于CK处理。在三个连续灌溉施肥周期内,SW处理棉田土壤氨挥发累积总量为10.98 kg/hm2,CK处理为7.57 kg/hm2,SW处理较CK处理增加了45.1%。【结论】咸水灌溉促进了脲酶活性,但抑制了土壤的硝化作用,导致铵态氮含量增加,加剧了氨的挥发。温度升高促进土壤氨挥发,少量降雨对氨挥发影响不大。因此,滴灌施肥条件下,咸水灌溉会增加氨挥发损失。  相似文献   

缓/控释氮素肥料玉米苗期养分释放特点   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

李东坡  梁成华  武志杰  陈利军  张丽莉  冯慧敏 《水土保持学报》2006,20(3):166-169

采用盆栽试验．模拟田间生态环境．研究施用不同种缓／控释氮素肥料玉米苗期土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效态氮含量，分析比较其在玉米苗期氮素养分释放特点。研究表明，在玉米苗期，施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料。土壤中尿素态氮和铵态氮的积累量最多．分别为21．72mg／kg和48．31mg／kg；醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料，硝态氮和速效氮含量最多．分别为102．90mg／kg和135．25mg／kg；丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料，尿素自膜内迁移到土壤中的量较少，硝态氮和速效态氮含量最少。分别为53．74mg／kg和93．70mg／kg。包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT相结合的缓／控释肥料，对减少土壤石硝态氮的生成效果最为明显．明显优于其他缓／控释肥料．丙烯酸树脂包膜nBPT涂层尿素肥料控释效果最好。  相似文献