沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响     

李钰飞  刘本生  许俊香  李吉进  郎乾乾  乔玉辉  孙钦平 《中国生态农业学报》2020,28(8):1249-1257

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。  相似文献   

根际生命共同体：协调资源、环境和粮食安全的学术思路与交叉创新   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

申建波  白洋  韦中  储成才  袁力行  张林  崔振岭  丛汶峰  张福锁 《土壤学报》2021,58(4)

植物营养学研究近年来在植物养分高效分子机理、植物-微生物互作、根际互作与微生态调控、农田养分管理等研究领域取得了一系列原创性进展。然而,当前如何协调粮食安全、资源高效和环境可持续性仍面临巨大挑战。针对这一重大问题,本文提出"根际生命共同体(Rhizobiont)"学术思路,围绕"根际互作与养分高效"这一重大科学命题,构建"植物-根系-根际-菌丝际-土体及其微生物"根际生命共同体理论体系,突破植物-微生物、微生物-微生物关键界面互作机制,阐明根际生命共同体结构、功能及其在养分活化、吸收与利用中的作用机制,建立共同体多界面互作增效的生物学调控新途径,开辟植物-土壤-微生物交叉创新领域,根际生命共同体理论创新有助于破解粮食安全、资源高效、环境保护多目标协同的难题,支撑我国农业绿色发展。文章指出了根际生命共同体与养分高效研究的重点方向与内容,尤其是深入揭示和调控植物第二基因组——微生物组的作用正成为农业科学的研究前沿。  相似文献   

秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、铅、镉活性的影响     

倪中应  沈倩  章明奎 《农业环境与发展》2017,(3):215-225

秸秆还田是我国培肥地力和增加农田土壤碳固定的重要措施,但进入农田的秸秆存在着活化土壤重金属的风险。为了解不同来源的秸秆对污染水平不同农田土壤重金属活性的影响,采取相应措施防止因秸秆还田对农田土壤重金属的激活,开展了盆栽和田间小区试验研究秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、镉、铅活性的影响。盆栽和田间试验在轻度和重度污染2种土壤上同时进行。盆栽试验中施用秸秆包括重污染水稻秸秆、轻污染水稻秸秆和轻污染油菜秸秆3种,石灰用量设对照(0 kg·hm-2)和石灰处理(750 kg·hm-2)2个处理;田间小区试验设对照(不施秸秆和石灰)、秸秆还田及秸秆还田+石灰3个处理。动态观察了试验过程中土壤有效态重金属、重金属形态及水稻籽粒中重金属积累情况。结果表明,试验初期(前20 d)秸秆还田显著增加了水田土壤中水溶性有机碳与水溶性重金属的含量;与对照处理比较,水溶性重金属含量以重度污染土壤增幅较为明显。试验后期(60 d后)秸秆还田对土壤重金属的活性的影响逐渐变得不明显。油菜秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量低于水稻秸秆还田,重污染水稻秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量高于低污染水稻秸秆还田。盆栽试验和田间试验的结果都表明,重污染水稻秸秆还田可轻微增加水稻籽粒中镉的积累,但轻度污染水稻秸秆还田与油菜秸秆还田对水稻籽粒镉积累的影响较小;3种秸秆还田对水稻籽粒铅、铜、锌积累的影响不明显。配施石灰可显著降低土壤中水溶性重金属的含量,降低水稻籽粒中重金属的积累。研究认为,在污染农田管理上应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田,在秸秆还田的同时适量配施石灰。  相似文献   

黄土高原退耕还林工程对生态环境的影响及对策建议   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

邓景成  高鹏  穆兴民  赵广举  孙文义  田鹏  宋小燕 《水土保持研究》2017,(5):63-68

基于西北地区水土流失和生态环境问题日益严重,为了再造一个山川秀美的西北地区,1999年我国实施了浩大的退耕还林工程。文章分析了黄土高原自新石器时代以来气候变迁和农耕文明前后人类活动对生态环境的影响,造成气候和植被带的南移以及农业和畜牧业发展带来的破坏,指出退耕还林工程实施以来对植被恢复、土地资源的合理利用和区域气候改善都起到了显著的成效,但仍存在水资源需求增加,承载力不足、耕地面积减少,短期内粮食产量下降、政策可持续性等问题,提出因地制宜,选择合适树种,利用节水措施以缓解水资源问题,基于生态、经济、社会价值最大化进一步优化土地配置,从工程后续的管理和维护上入手,提供合理的经济补偿,巩固已有的成果等建议,为以后更好推进退耕还林工程实施起到指导作用。  相似文献   

西北地区食物结构及其安全现状评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

苏冰倩  王茵茵  上官周平 《水土保持研究》2017,(6):354-359

食物是国民经济基础之基础,食物安全问题是世界各国共同面临的重大问题。及时把握和正确判断一个国家或者地区的食物安全状况,对其经济和社会可持续发展具有非常重要的现实意义。在对2000—2014年西北地区7个省(区)的食物结构及生产量、人均食物占有量和主要食物的平均人日热量拥有量进行分析的基础上,对西北地区的食物安全现状进行了评估和判断。结果表明:2000—2014年西北地区7个省(区)粮食、蔬菜、水果、肉蛋奶、棉花、油料等食物产量整体上在波动中呈增长趋势,食物种类趋向多样化和丰富化;近5年西北地区粮食和水果人均占有量均超过全国人均水平,2000—2014年人均奶类、棉花和油料占有量大于全国人均占有量,但人均蔬菜、禽蛋和肉类占有量低于全国人均水平;除青海地区外,其他6个省(区)2014年人均每日热量拥有量都达到营养学要求;2000年以来,西北地区食物安全程度不断提高,但2014年,西北地区食物安全仍处于一个较低安全水平;当前西北地区仍面临着水资源缺乏、耕地面积和质量有限、农业技术设备落后等挑战,使该地区食物安全受到威胁,针对这些问题,文章提出了调整农业结构,保护生态环境,确保食物安全可持续发展等对策。  相似文献   

Is PLOS ONE Attracting Highly Cited Papers in the Food Sciences? Comparing Authors' Most Cited Work to Their PLOS ONE Articles Published 2006–2016     

Tony Stankus 《Journal Of Agricultural & Food Information》2018,19(1):97-100

Since 2007, the Open Access journal PLOS ONE has published 194,622 expert-reviewed scientific papers, including 85 related to the human food sciences such as food safety, general food science, and nutrition. Seventy-five of their corresponding authors had previously published. Their most cited articles in other journals were identified and citation counts compared against those earned by their PLOS ONE papers. No PLOS ONE food sciences paper has yet been cited more than an author's best effort in the field in other journals. More than half (38) of the 75 PLOS ONE papers studied remain uncited even by their own authors.  相似文献   

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels     

Muhammad Adrees  Farhan Saleem  Fariha Jabeen  Shafaqat Ali  Sofia Khalid 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2016,62(9):1195-1207

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.  相似文献   

同位素溯源技术在食品安全中的应用   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12  

郭波莉  魏益民  潘家荣 《核农学报》2006,20(2):148-153

疯牛病、口蹄疫、禽流感疫病等对食品安全管理带来新的压力,对人类健康构成了极大的威胁,给疫病发生国造成了严重的经济损失,并带来社会恐慌。同位素溯源技术是国际上目前用于追溯不同来源食品和实施产地保护的有效工具之一,在食品安全污染物溯源领域有着广阔的应用前景,一些发达国家纷纷开展此领域的研究。本文阐述了同位素溯源技术的基本原理,比较了同位素溯源技术与其他溯源技术的区别与联系,综述了国内外研究进展,提出了我国在同位素溯源技术方面应开展的研究工作,旨在推动我国食品安全追溯制度的建立与完善,保障食品安全,保证消费者身体健康。  相似文献   

Tundra plants protect the soil surface from UV     

Kevin A. Hughes  Kerstin Scherer  Petra Rettberg  Pete Convey 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(6):1488-1490

In the Arctic, seasonal ozone depletion is resulting in periods of enhanced UV-B radiation at ground level while regional climate change is associated with increasing temperatures. These changes are likely to alter plant distribution, biodiversity and morphology, which may have knock-on effects for microbially driven biogeochemical cycling and other soil processes. Our study examined the transmission of solar UV radiation through arctic tundra plants using a portable UV radiometer and the DLR-biofilm biological UV dosimeter. A strong negative correlation was found between vegetation cover and UV transmission to the soil surface. Penetration of UV to the soil beneath tundra plants varied depending upon plant morphology, being greater through low creeping plants than cushion plants, grasses or mosses. UV transmission to the soil surface beyond the foliage edge also varied with plant morphology and the presence of flowers.  相似文献   

Genotypic variation in grain cadmium concentration of lowland rice   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Junyu He  Cheng Zhu  Yanfang Ren  Yuping Yan  Dean Jiang 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(5):711-716

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of paddy rice soils is commonly observed in the Yangtse River Delta, China. Large Cd uptake by rice plants and its translocation into the grains can entail human‐health risks. Genotypic variations in Cd uptake and a differential Cd partitioning into grains will be the basis for developing a rice screening or breeding tool for low grain Cd. A field experiment, conducted at the experimental farm of Jiaxing, Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2004, compared 38 rice genotypes of different types (indica vs. japonica) collected from the Yangtse River Delta. The results showed large differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice, and grain chaff among the rice genotypes grown on Cd‐contaminated soil. Concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 mg Cd kg^–1. The total Cd uptake in brown rice varied between 0.96 and 28.58 μg plant ^{– 1}. In general, indica‐type cultivars accumulated significantly more Cd than the japonica‐type cultivars. The Cd concentration in straw was highly correlated with that in brown rice. While significant differences in the Cd‐partitioning ratio (% share of total Cd uptake found in brown rice) among rice genotypes were observed, these were not correlated with Cd concentration of brown rice. This indicates that the Cd accumulation in rice grains appears to be governed mainly by the Cd uptake by the plant and probably not by differential Cd partitioning. The large genotypic variation suggests the possibility to lower the Cd content of rice by genotype selection. The development of such breeding tools should focus on low Cd uptake rather than Cd partitioning between straw and grain.  相似文献