Al~(3+)和Al~(3+)胁迫下Ca~(2+)对小麦幼叶细胞生理功能及保护酶活性的影响     

张芬琴  于今兰  沈振国 《农业环境科学学报》1999,18(5):209-212

采取水培法分别研究了不同水平的Al3+和在同一水平的Al3+胁迫下不同水平的Ca2+对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼苗地上部分高度、叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率、保护酶活性、脂质过氧化(MDA含量)和膜透性(电解质泄漏率)的影响.结果表明,随营养液中Al3+水平的增加和处理时间的延长,小麦幼苗地上部分的伸长生长受抑制的程度逐渐加深,叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率及保护酶活性逐渐下降,MDA含量和电解质泄漏率逐渐上升.Al3+胁迫下,增加Ca2+供应时,Al3+的上述影响被削弱.这些结果暗示,Al3+处理抑制小麦幼苗地上部分的伸长生长及其对光合功能的影响与导致膜质过氧化作用加剧、膜透性增加、保护酶活性下降等有关;在一定程度上,Ca2+具有缓解Al3+毒害作用.  相似文献   

Dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio influences the efficacy of microbial phytase on growth,mineral digestibility and vertebral mineralization in juvenile tiger puffer,Takifugu rubripes     

A. LAINING  M. ISHIKAWA  K. KYAW  J. GAO  N.T. BINH  S. KOSHIO  S. YAMAGUCHI  S. YOKOYAMA  J. KOYAMA 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2011,17(3):267-277

A 2 × 3 factorial feeding trial was conducted to determine effects of dietary Ca/P ratio and dietary microbial phytase on growth, mineral digestibility and vertebral mineralization in tiger puffer. The treatments consisted of three levels of Ca/P ratios (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) combined either with phytase (2000 FTU kg^?1 diet) or without supplementation, respectively. The Ca/P ratios were achieved by supplementing calcium at 0, 6 and 12 g kg^?1 combined with the same level of inorganic P at 5 g kg^?1. After a 50‐day feeding trial, puffer fish fed the diet at low Ca/P ratio (0.5) together with phytase had significantly higher growth rate and feed intake (FI) than other groups. Both dietary Ca/P ratio and phytase supplement were independent effects on plasma minerals and alkaline phosphatase. Interactive effect between both dietary treatments was observed on P and Zn contents in vertebrae and whole body. P and Zn digestibilities tended to increase with increased Ca/P ratio from 0.5 to 1.0, especially when phytase was supplemented. In conclusion, fish fed a diet with highest Ca/P ratio (1.5) showed the poorest growth performance and nutrients utilization. Dietary Ca/P ratio of 0.5 (without Ca supplement) with 2000 FTU phytase per kg would be the optimum combination in the diet of tiger puffer.  相似文献   

Structural modifications increase the insecticidal activity of ryanodine     

Phillip R. Jefferies  Pauline Yu  John E. Casida 《Pest management science》1997,51(1):33-38

The toxicity of ryanodine ( 1 ) and 9,21-didehydroryanodine ( 2 ) (the principal active ingredients of the botanical insecticide ryania) to adult female house flies (Musca domestica L.) is attributable to binding to the ryanodine receptor (ryr) and thereby disrupting the Ca²⁺-release channel. These ryanoids, assayed in house flies with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to suppress cytochrome P450-dependent detoxification, give injected KD₅₀ values of 0·07–0·11 μg g^-1, injected LD₅₀ values of 0·39–0·45 μg g^-1 and topical LD₅₀ values of 12– 50 μg g^-1. They inhibit the [³H]ryanodine binding site of house fly and rabbit muscle with IC₅₀ values of 3–10 nM . This study examines the effect of structure on potency, with 15 variants of the cyclohexane substituents, two 4,6-cyclic boron and two methylated derivatives, and four modifications of the isopropyl and ester substituents. The most effective compound examined was 10-deoxy- 2 ( 3 ) which was more potent than 2 by 2–4-fold on injection and 29-fold applied topically following PBO (LD₅₀ 0·41 μg g^-1). Additional high-potency compounds were 10-oxo- 1 and the cyclohexane variants with lactam, 21-nor-9-oxo and 21-nor-10-deoxy substituents. Other modifications usually reduced toxicity. The injected knockdown potency of the ester ryanoids was generally related to their effectiveness in competing with [³H]ryanodine at the ryr of rabbit skeletal muscle. Two non-ester ryanoids, ryanodol and 9,21-didehydroryanodol, were found to be more toxic than predicted from their potency at the ryr and may therefore act in a different manner such as at a K⁺ channel, as suggested by Usherwood and Vais. Clearly ryanoids are challenging prototypes for a potential new generation of insecticides. © 1997 SCI.  相似文献   

Migratory history of the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) in the Bonin Islands of Japan     

N. Chino  T. Arai 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2010,19(1):19-25

Chino N, Arai T. Migratory history of the giant mottled eel ( Anguilla marmorata ) in the Bonin Islands of Japan.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 19–25. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  In order to elucidate the migratory history and habitat use of the giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata, in the Bonin Islands of Japan, strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in otoliths were examined by X-ray electron microprobe analysis. The X-ray intensity map and line analyses showed three fluctuation patterns: (i) freshwater residence, (ii) continuous residence in brackish water, and (iii) residence in freshwater after recruitment, while returning to brackish water. Based on these results and previous studies, the migratory behaviours of A. marmorata appear to differ in each habitat in response to inter- and intra-specific competition. The results suggest that A. marmorata has a flexible pattern of migration, with an ability to adapt to various habitats and salinities.  相似文献   

Mn~(2+)对四尾栅藻生长及Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)吸收的影响     

刘静  赵海涛  盛海君  徐轶群  封克 《水利渔业》2010,(2)

通过实验室模拟培养的方法,采用6个不同Mn2+浓度(0、10、100、1000、10000、30000nmol/L)的培养处理,对四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)的生物量、叶绿素a含量、培养基中Ca2+、Mg2+离子的含量分别进行了测定。结果表明,不同Mn2+浓度对各指标均有显著影响,其中对叶绿素a含量的影响达极显著(P<0.01);低Mn2+浓度(0~1000nmol/L)促进四尾栅藻细胞生长和叶绿素a的合成,而高浓度Mn2+(30000nmol/L以上)抑制四尾栅藻细胞生长,导致生物量下降;叶绿素a含量显著降低(P<0.05);四尾栅藻细胞吸收的Ca2+、Mg2+与其生物量成正比。在所设置的浓度范围内,Mn2+并未表现出与Ca2+、Mg2+之间明显的拮抗作用。  相似文献   

Binding Sites for Ca2+-Channel Effectors and Ryanodine in Periplaneta americana—Possible Targets for New Insecticides     

Melanie Schmitt  Andreas Turberg  Michael Londershausen  August Dorn 《Pest management science》1996,48(4):375-388

The calcium channel and the ‘calcium release channel’ of muscle membrane of the cockroach Periplaneta americana have been characterized. Biological assays with calcium channel blockers and ryanodine on different insects and acari revealed pronounced insecticidal effects with ryanodine, but not with calcium channel blockers, at concentrations between 0·1 and 300 μg ml⁻¹. Skeletal muscle membranes derived either from the tubular network or from the sarcoplasmatic reticulum of P. americana were characterized with respect to the binding of the dihydropyridine (DHP) [³H]isradipine (PN 200-110), the phenyl-alkylamine [³H]verapamil and the alkaloid [³H]ryanodine. Preliminary binding studies with the benzothiazepine [³H]diltiazem suggest a low-affinity binding site with a IC₅₀ value of 3·3 μM . All binding sites tested were sensitive to treatment with proteinase K. Optimal conditions for binding of the radioligand ryanodine revealed the highest specific binding at pH 8 and at calcium chloride concentrations between 100 and 500 μM . EGTA at 10 μM abolished 95% of the ryanodine binding. Binding studies with calcium channel binding sites revealed a pronounced effect of low Ca²⁺ concentrations on specific isradipine binding, whereas verapamil and diltiazem binding were only reduced by the presence of 200 μM EGTA. With respect to high Ca²⁺ concentrations, specific binding of diltiazem, isradipine and verapamil was reduced by 73, 40 and 20%, respectively, at 5 mM Ca²⁺. Radioligand binding experiments showed high-affinity binding sites for ryanodine and isradipine. K_D values of 0·95 nM (B_max=550 fmol mg⁻¹ protein) and 0·75 nM (B_max=213 fmol mg⁻¹ protein) were determined respectively. A lower-affinity binding site was identified in binding studies with verapamil (K_D=7·4 nM and B_max=27 fmol mg⁻¹ protein). [³H]isradipine displacement studies with several dihydropyridines revealed the following ranking of affinity: nitrendipine>isradipine>Bay K8664≪nicardipine. Displacement of [³H]verapamil binding by effectors of the phenylalkylamine binding site showed that bepridil and S(-)verapamil had the highest affinities of the compounds tested followed by (±)verapamil, nor-methylverapamil and R(+)verapamil.  相似文献   

三月红荔枝果皮钾钙镁含量变化与着色的关系     

张锐  周晓超  苏阳  周开兵 《热带生物学报》2016,(1):53-57

以三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.‘Sanyuehong’)果皮为材料,探讨果皮K,Ca和Mg含量动态变化与着色的关系。结果表明:在果皮着色发育过程中,叶绿素含量和h值呈显著下降趋势,花色素苷含量和a值呈显著上升趋势;全K和水溶性K含量总体上均呈下降趋势,全Ca和水溶性Mg含量总体上呈上升趋势,全Mg含量在4月16日前总体上上升,水溶性Ca含量则无显著变化。果皮花色素苷含量与果皮全K、全Ca、水溶性K和水溶性Mg等含量分别呈负、正、负和正相关一元指数函数回归关系。  相似文献   

钙对赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)诱导拟南芥毒性的抑制作用     

吕杨俊  郝俊冉  许文涛  张海华  翟亚楠  杨静 《农业生物技术学报》2016,(12):1839-1845

为丰富赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxinA,OTA)的植物毒性及其作用机理,探究钙在OTA诱导的植物毒性调控作用机理,本研究采用添加外源Ca2+,钙离子螯合剂乙二醇双(2-氨基乙基醚)四乙酸(ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid,EGTA)及OTA等处理离体拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)叶片,通过形态学观察,叶片相对电导率、活性氧含量(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的测定等研究钙对OTA诱导的拟南芥毒性的影响,结果表明,在一定浓度范围内(0～50 mmol/L),外源Ca2+单独处理,拟南芥叶片形态学无明显变化,EGTA与OTA分别处理均会引起拟南芥叶片失绿、坏死病斑的形成,而Ca2+与OTA共同处理,能显著抑制OTA诱导的拟南芥叶片失绿、坏死病斑的形成,EGTA加剧OTA的毒性作用;OTA处理使拟南芥叶片相对电导率升高,细胞膜通透性增大,外源钙能显著抑制OTA引起的拟南芥叶片相对电导率升高(P＜0.05),20 mmol/L Ca2+的抑制作用最强,抑制率为61.32％.此外,OTA处理使拟南芥叶片细胞ROS的爆发及MDA的积累,对拟南芥造成氧化损伤,钙能显著抑制OTA诱导的拟南芥ROS爆发(P＜0.05),减少MDA的生成,抑制率分别为29.7％和71.4％.研究结果说明OTA能诱导拟南芥的植物毒性,钙能显著抑制OTA诱导的拟南芥植物毒性,钙在拟南芥受外界胁迫中起重要作用.  相似文献   

喷施钙对肥城桃果活性钙含量及其在亚细胞分布的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王雷  李玲  陈修德  韩小虎  王钰馨  高东升 《植物营养与肥料学报》2016,22(4):1102-1110

【目的】肥城桃是山东特产,但经常发生缝合线褐变、 不耐储藏等问题,补充钙肥是减轻其生理病害的有效措施。了解肥城桃的需钙规律,为肥城桃补充钙素营养提供理论依据和技术指导。【方法】以11年生红里肥桃为试材,从花后一个月开始,每隔30 d在选取的肥桃果树上喷施钙肥。试验设3个处理: 1)喷施0.5%氨基酸钙溶液; 2)喷施0.5%硝酸钙; 3)喷施清水为对照。从4月28日起每隔30 d采样,测定果皮、 果肉、 果核、 果仁总钙含量及果肉钙组分含量,在成熟期取果实用透射电镜观察果肉细胞内钙的亚细胞分布。【结果】3个处理果实中的钙含量均以幼果期最高,随着果实的成熟,全钙、 水溶性钙、 果胶酸钙含量均呈下降趋势,喷钙处理在一定程度上提高了果皮、 果肉、 果核及果仁的总钙含量,其中果肉总钙含量变化最明显,在果实成熟期,喷施氨基酸钙及硝酸钙的处理果肉总钙含量分别增加了68%、 77%。通过电镜观察,喷钙果肉细胞中钙均匀分布于细胞壁、 细胞膜、 液泡膜上,液泡中有钙的堆积; 未喷钙细胞壁中钙的分布减少,细胞膜、 液泡膜上钙也均匀分布; 发生褐变的果肉细胞内钙分布很少且不均匀。【结论】肥城桃果实中全钙含量随着果实生长而迅速下降。喷施钙肥能提高果实全钙尤其是水溶性钙及果胶钙的含量,增加细胞壁钙的分布,有利于缓解果实发育过程中钙含量的下降。喷施氨基酸钙和硝酸钙都能增加肥城桃果肉的不溶性果胶含量,提高果实硬度。  相似文献   

农田土壤钙素含量及空间分布规律研究——以武功县大庄乡为例     

史红平  王益权  石宗琳  梁化学  王加旭 《中国农业科学》2016,49(5):1008-1016

【目的】分析关中地区土壤发育与演化的历史,企图揭示在现代农业生产条件下土地高强度利用、施肥与耕作制度的变更等对土壤健康的影响。【方法】选定自然条件及土地利用类型一致的聚居村庄,在水平距离仅600 m的范围内,按照辐射线状采集农田土样,并参照了该地区1982年土壤普查数据采集信息,采用“横向参照标准方法”和“纵向（时间）标准方法”,研究农田土壤钙素的演化趋势。【结果】在水平尺度上距村庄0-400 m范围内表层0-40 cm土壤碳酸钙、交换性钙含量的水平变化均不够明显,在400-600 m处却明显增大,在0-600 m的范围内土壤水溶性钙含量随距村庄距离的增加而逐渐降低。在垂直尺度上不同水平距离处0-20 cm土壤碳酸钙含量均低于20-40 cm,而交换性钙和水溶性钙含量高于20-40 cm。在距村庄50 m处的剖面0-40 cm土层碳酸钙含量既低于距村庄500 m处,也低于1982年地区内土壤剖面同层的含量,而40 cm以下土壤碳酸钙含量明显增加。50 m处0-100 cm土壤钙素总贮量明显高于500 m处。表层0-40 cm土层交换性钙在村庄附近土壤中递减、水溶性钙含量递增。【结论】在无自然因素差异的有限水平空间范围内,高强度集约化土地利用以及密集型技术措施施行,明显驱动和加速了农田土壤钙素的淋失与淀积,导致土壤钙素的空间变异性及农田土壤表层钙素的隐型退化,这警示人们高度关注现代农业技术措施对土壤健康的作用和影响。  相似文献