Collembolan grazing affects the growth strategy of the cord-forming fungus Hypholoma fasciculare     

Christian Kampichler  Johann Rolschewski  Lynne Boddy 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2004,36(4):591-599

Mycelia of cord-forming fungi show remarkable patterns of reallocation of biomass and nutrients indicating an important role of these, often extensive, organisms in the spatial translocation of energy and nutrients in forest soils. Despite the rich tradition of interaction studies between soil microarthropods and fungi, the spatial implications of these interactions, due to the potential growth responses of the fungi and to the translocation of energy and nutrients within the mycelial network, have been largely ignored. In this paper we analyse fungal growth responses in two-dimensional model systems composed of compressed soil, the cord-forming fungus Hypholoma fasciculare and three fungivorous Collembolan species. We hypothesised that (i) the highly co-ordinated nature of cord-forming fungi would lead to growth responses following collembolan grazing, and that, (ii) such changes are dependent on grazing intensity, and (iii) changes are dependent on the species grazing. Mycelial extent and hyphal cover decreased with increasing grazing density; at highest grazing density also the fractal dimension of the mycelial border decreased, indicating a less branched foraging front due to the regression of fine hyphae and the development of mycelial cords. Effects differed greatly between collembolan species although they exerted comparable grazing pressure (the smaller species were added in larger numbers according to their allometric size-metabolic rate relationships): while grazing by Folsomia candida resulted in less mycelial extension and hyphal cover, these variables were not affected when Proisotoma minuta and Hypogastrura cf. tullbergi grazed. The effects of a species mix suggested an additive effect of the component species. This shows that fungal mycelia may suffer from damage caused by few but large collembolans, affecting extension as well as coverage of the mycelium, but that fungi may compensate for the biomass loss caused by more but slightly smaller collembolans. In about 20% of the model systems H. fasciculare switched from a growth pattern with a broad contiguous foraging front and uniform growth in all directions to a pattern with fast growing sectors while other sectors stopped growth completely. The switch occurred in grazed systems exclusively; thus we interpret this observation as a fugitive response and as a strategy for quickly escaping from places where grazing pressure is experienced.  相似文献   

Sulphur in soil and light fraction organic matter as influenced by long-term application of superphosphate     

D. Curtin  M.H. Beare  F.M. McCallum 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(10):2547-2554

Numerous studies have examined the role of light fraction (LF) organic matter in soil C and N cycling, but there is no published information on the amounts and nature of S in LF. The objective of this work was to characterize the S composition of LF in soils receiving different inputs of fertilizer S. Soils (0-7.5 cm) were taken from a long-term experiment (1952-1999) set up to examine the effects of single superphosphate (SP) (applied at 0, 188, or 376 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, which equates to 0, 21, and 42 kg SO₄-S ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) on the productivity of an irrigated, grass-clover pasture grazed by sheep. The S content of LF (separated by flotation on NaI solution with specific gravity 1.7) increased by ∼20-30% in response to SP. The LF was enriched in organic S compared with whole soil (S concentration in LF was ∼1000-1400 mg kg⁻¹ vs ∼400-500 mg kg⁻¹ in whole soil), but LF-S represented only 1.3-4.7% of soil S. Most (∼88%) of the S in LF was C-bonded, reflecting the dominance of this form of S in organic matter returned to the soil in dung and plant residues. Hydriodic acid (HI) reducible-S accounted for only ∼12% of LF-S, compared with 28-35% of whole soil organic S. Superphosphate tended to increase total soil N, due to improved clover growth. There was a strong positive relationship between total N and C-bonded S in whole soil and LF, whereas soil HI-S and N were not associated. Increases in C-bonded S where SP was applied appeared to be driven mainly by increases in soil N, which in turn were due to improved clover growth in response to phosphate supplied by SP. Increases in HI-S due to SP application were probably a direct response to inputs of S. As LF is a small pool of S, with a relatively wide C:S ratio (∼200:1), we concluded that it is unlikely to contribute a significant amount of plant-available S.  相似文献   

Effects of grassland abandonment, restoration and management on butterflies and vascular plants     

Erik Öckinger  Anna K. Eriksson  Henrik G. Smith 《Biological conservation》2006,133(3):291-300

When semi-natural pastures are abandoned, specialized grassland species are lost as a consequence of succession. As a counter-measure, previously abandoned grasslands may be restored by clearing shrubs and trees and re-introducing grazing livestock. In order to examine the effects of this type of habitat restoration, we compared species richness of plants and of specialized plants thought to be dependent on continuous management and species richness and abundance of butterflies and red-listed butterflies in 12 sets of matched continuously managed, abandoned and restored grassland in southern Sweden. We found no differences in species richness or abundance between the three grassland types. There were, however, some negative effects of abandonment. The number of management-dependent plants decreased with increasing cover of trees and shrubs, and in restored sites species richness of all groups decreased with increasing cover of trees and shrubs before restoration. Also the present management significantly affected both butterflies and plants. Species richness of both groups increased with increasing vegetation height and differed between sites depending on the species of grazers, with negative effects of sheep compared to cattle or horses. Our study indicates that for grassland management to be efficient, the restoration actions should mainly be directed towards sites where the post-abandonment succession has not proceeded too far.  相似文献   

Rehabilitation of degraded Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull-dominated wet heath by controlled sheep grazing     

P.D Hulme  B.G MerrellL Torvell  J.M FisherJ.L Small  R.J Pakeman 《Biological conservation》2002,107(3):351-363

Many upland areas of the British Isles have seen declines in the area and condition of heather (Calluna vulgaris)-dominated heathland vegetation. To reverse this decline, management regimes must be designed to rehabilitate areas that have seen this decline. As most of this heathland vegetation is primarily managed by grazing, such management has to determine what stocking levels can maintain the vegetation in a desired state. This paper describes how to reverse this decline through suitable grazing management.A degraded ‘wet-heath’ system, previously grazed at 2.1 sheep ha⁻¹, was subject to a range of grazing treatments over a 5-year period. Treatments varied in intensity (0-1.4 sheep ha⁻¹) and timing (summer only, winter only, or year round) of grazing. Grazing levels were maintained at 2.1 sheep ha⁻¹ outside the fenced areas. Vegetation composition remained stable outside the fenced treatments. All the fenced treatments showed an increase in the relative frequency of the evergreen Calluna vulgaris, with the greatest increase being in the ungrazed treatment, and the least in the year round 1.4 sheep ha⁻¹ treatment. This increase was in line with a reduction in heather utilisation to relatively low and sustainable levels. Other species that benefited from reduced grazing included Carex nigra, Deschampsia flexuosa and to a lesser extent Galium saxatile and Erica tetralix, whereas a range of moss species including Hypnum jutlandicum and Rhytidiadelphus loreus were more frequent at higher grazing levels. Though the recovery of heather was similar in the two seasonally grazed treatments, the vegetation showed different overall trajectories. Winter only grazed allowed a substantial increase in the cover of the deciduous Molinia caerulea, whereas this species was kept in check by summer only grazing. A stocking level of between 0.7 and 1.4 sheep ha⁻¹ appears to be appropriate to maintain and even enhance the cover of heather on degraded wet heath. Complete removal is not necessary. Grazing restricted to the winter period is inappropriate in areas where M. caerulea occurs. Setting appropriate stocking levels to maintain the condition of the vegetation must take into account site conditions, especially the presence of species that can affect the utilisation of heather.  相似文献   

Crossing the thresholds: human ecology and historical patterns of landscape degradation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ian A. Simpson  Andrew J. Dugmore  Amanda Thomson  Orri Vsteinsson 《CATENA》2001,42(2-4)

In discussions of landscape sensitivity, human activities have generally been regarded as external forces contributing to landscape change, with a focus on the impacts of cultivation methods, fertiliser practices, grazing pressures and atmospheric pollution. However, there has been comparatively little study undertaken that integrates physical and social systems in a historic context to explain the basis of human activity in sensitive landscapes. Where such attempts have been made, the manner of common land management has figured prominently, with ‘tragedy of the commons’ concepts used to explain land degradation and to provide a foundation for policy response. This has also been the case in Southern Iceland and in this paper we assess the extent to which common land domestic grazing pressures were the primary external force causing soil erosion and land degradation during the period of occupation from ca. 874 AD. We first provide field observation of soil erosion, temporally defined by tephrochronology, to highlight the extent of land degradation during this period. The ‘tragedy of the commons’ explanation of degradation is then assessed by evaluating historic documentary sources, and by environmental reconstruction and modeling of historic grazing pressures. These analyses indicate that regulatory mechanisms were in place to prevent overgrazing from at least the 1200s AD and suggest that there was sufficient biomass to support the numbers of domestic livestock indicated from historic sources. We suggest that failure to remove domestic livestock before the end of the growing season and an absence of shepherding were more likely to contribute to land degradation than absolute numbers. Lack of appropriate regulation of domestic livestock on common grazing areas can be attributed to limited cultural knowledge of changing and rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions.  相似文献   

刚果12号桉人工林下土壤微生物与土壤养分研究初报     

谢龙莲  王真辉  刘小香  陈秋波 《热带农业科学》2007,27(4):50-53,70

以海南省儋州林场刚果12号桉(Eucalyptus ABL12)人工林土壤为对象,研究了刚果12号桉人工林地土壤微生物类群的分布规律及土壤养分的变化。结果表明:在土壤剖面上,土壤微生物具有一定的垂直变化,并随着土层深度的增加而减少,主要集中在0～20 cm的土层中;土壤微生物3大类菌中,细菌所占比例最大,其次为放线菌、真菌;土壤微生物数量还具有一定的季节变化,最大值一般出现在9、10月份;各样地中土壤微生物类群及土壤养分总体表现为:桉-豆科牧草>桉-禾本科牧草>纯桉林,且土壤微生物类群与土壤养分之间存在一定的相关性。本研究结果也表明,经过桉树-牧草间种后,桉树人工林土壤的微生物性质得到了很大改善。  相似文献   

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区放牧林草地团聚体水稳性的研究     

范春梅  廖超英  孙长忠  许喜明  刘恒柏 《勤云标准版测试》2005,(11)

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区——山西偏关县为例,对不同放牧植被类型、不同放牧强度、不同放牧畜种条件下表层土(0-10cm)的团聚体水稳性进行分析研究。结果表明,放牧草地较之放牧林地的土壤结构及结构稳定性要好;重度放牧下土壤团聚体含量最小,其结构稳定性亦最差;从畜牧羊种选择来看,绵羊相对于山羊来说对土壤结构破坏较小,土壤中团聚体含量较多、团聚体水稳性也较好。  相似文献   

我国农业科技园区的建设与发展   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

汤新云 《信阳农业高等专科学校学报》2007,17(1):15-16

农业科技园区的基本特征是“三高一新”,具有示范、带动和龙头作用。开发农业科技园区应明确发展思路,完善管理机制,建立人才流动和激励机制。  相似文献   

高寒草原放牧绵羊瘤胃液酸度、温度和游离氨浓度的动态变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张德罡 《甘肃农业大学学报》1997,(3)

通过瘤胃瘘管采样测定了高寒草原放牧条件下绵羊瘤胃液ｐＨ、温度、游离氨浓度的变化动态，结果表明绵羊瘤胃液ｐＨ值、温度和游离氨浓度平均值在８：００时分别为６．７４、３９．０℃、１３．５８ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ，变化范围分别为５．４０～７．２７、３６．７～３９．７℃、４．６３～４１．０６ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ；在２０：００时分别为５．５７、３９．５℃、１０．９１ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ，变化范围分别为５．２３～７．７７、３８．０～４０．３℃、５．６６～１９．６４ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ。游离氨浓度日内变幅（４．６２～１０．８１）低于日间（８：００时５．６６～１９．６４，２０：００时１１．３２～４１．０６），波动较为强烈。温度和游离氨浓度的高峰值与ｐＨ值的低峰值对应出现。  相似文献   

几种牧草不同萌发期同功酶分析     

梁惠敏  曹致中 《甘肃农业大学学报》1991,26(4):375-381

以几种禾本科和豆科牧草为试材,采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,测定了牧草种子不同萌发期过氧化物酶同功酶的变化,并据此分析了它与遗传学和品种鉴定等的关系。每种牧草都有其特征酶谱,又因荫发期不同副带有所不同,酶带强弱也不同。当种子萌发达到一定天数时,酶谱趋于稳定。不同种间酶谱差异较大,同种间差异较小。  相似文献