拖拉机耕深自动监测与控制   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2  

吴国桢  程文祥 《农业机械学报》1993,24(1):31-36

拖拉机耕深采用伺服和微机根据负荷及耕深的大小进行自动控制,使拖拉机处于最佳工况,提高作业质量和经济性。由耕作阻力的力信号和耕深变化的位移信号相叠加并和设定耕深相比较输入伺服放大器或计算机,然后输出控制信号,控制电液伺服阀的工作,改变控制阀的行程和方向,以改变输入拖拉机提升油缸的油量和流向,达到控制耕深的目的。 所组成的 TMD-1 型微机拖拉机耕深控制系统成功地进行了模拟试验和田间试验,取得了满意的结果。  相似文献   

Predicting effects of drainage water management in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes     

R. Singh  M.J. Helmers  D.W. Lemke 《Agricultural Water Management》2007,92(3):162-170

Long-term hydrologic simulations are presented predicting the effects of drainage water management on subsurface drainage, surface runoff and crop production in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The deterministic hydrologic model, DRAINMOD was used to simulate Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic) soil in a Continuous Corn rotation (WEBS_CC) with different drain depths from 0.75 to 1.20 m and drain spacing from 10 to 50 m in a combination of free and controlled drainage over a weather record of 60 (1945-2004) years. Shallow drainage is defined as drains installed at a drain depth of 0.75 m, and controlled drainage with a drain depth of 1.20 m restricts flow at the drain outlet to maintain a water table at 0.60 m below surface level during the winter (November-March) and summer (June-August) months. These drainage design and management modifications were evaluated against conventional drainage system installed at a drain depth of 1.20 m with free drainage at the drain outlet. The simulation results indicate the potential of a tradeoff between subsurface drainage and surface runoff as a pathway to remove excess water from the system. While a reduction of subsurface drainage may occur through the use of shallow and controlled drainage, these practices may increase surface runoff in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The simulations also indicate that shallow and controlled drainage might increase the excess water stress on crop production, and thereby result in slightly lower relative yields. Field experiments are needed to examine the pathways of water movement, total water balance, and crop production under shallow and controlled drainage in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes.  相似文献   

"池-田"蓄引水模式改善环渤海棉田水盐运移提高棉花产量     

冯国艺  祁虹  张谦  雷晓鹏  梁青龙  王树林  王燕  董明  刘旭  杜海英  林永增 《农业工程学报》2020,36(12):80-89

为探明环渤海"池-田"蓄引水模式下棉田水盐运移规律对棉花生产的影响,2017和2018年4-10月对未改造棉田(CK)及模式中的台田(A)、浅层地下水抽提棉田(B)、抑盐排涝棉田(C)进行土壤水分、盐分和pH值、棉花光合指标、产量进行测定,结果表明,模式中棉田0～80cm土层盐分和pH值显著降低,A和B棉田盐分降至3.0g/kg左右,pH值低于8.0;C棉田盐分低于5.0 g/kg,7-8月pH值低于8.0。A棉田土壤水分、盐分和pH值最低,滴灌条件下棉花光合性能长期保持高值,光合物质积累的直线增长持续时间和活跃期最长,籽棉产量超过3 500 kg/hm~2。B棉田水分0～40 cm土层高于20%,光合性能高值较长,籽棉产量超过3 000 kg/hm~2。C棉花7-8月光合性能明显提高,籽棉产量超过2 500kg/hm~2。环渤海"池-田"蓄引水模式显著改善棉田水盐运移,有利于棉花生产,从而提高产量。研究可为高效开发利用滨海盐碱地提供科学模式和理论基础。  相似文献   

Root tensile strength of three shrub species: Rosa canina, Cotoneaster dammeri and Juniperus horizontalis: Soil reinforcement estimation by laboratory tests     

E. Comino  P. Marengo 《CATENA》2010

The presence of vegetation increases soil burden stability along slopes and therefore reduces soil erosion. The contribution of the vegetation is due to mechanical (reinforcing soil shear resistance) and hydrologic controls on stream banks and superficial landslides. This study focused on the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of three shrub species: Rosa canina (L.), Cotoneaster dammeri (C.K. Schneid) and Juniperus horizontalis (Moench). The aim of this paper is to increase our understanding on root biomechanical properties of shrubs species and their contribution to soil reinforcement. The considered shrubs grew up in wood containers, exposed to natural conditions in a village near Asti (Northern Italy) for 2 years. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure the ultimate root tensile strength and to estimate the root density distribution with depth (root area ratio), in order to quantify the soil mechanical reinforcement. Root tensile strength measurements were carried out on single root specimens and root area ratio was estimated analyzing the whole root system. The improvement of soil mechanical properties obtained by the presence of shrubs was estimated using two different models. The first model, based on a simple force equilibrium model, considers that the tensile strength of all roots crossing the shear plane is fully mobilized. This classical approach is implemented by the Fiber Bundle Model concept, to account for non-simultaneous root breaking. C. dammeri roots presented the highest tensile strength and soil reinforcement values, while R. canina and J. horizontalis were characterized by lower values. Similarly at each considered depth C. dammeri showed the highest soil reinforcement effect.  相似文献   

Contamination of shallow groundwater system and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields     

Moshood N. Tijani 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(3):437-444

This study focuses on experimental pilot assessment of contamination of shallow groundwater systems and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields. The study approach involved a pilot experimental (greenhouse) set-up of organo-mineral amended test plots/troughs (40 cm × 47 cm × 46 cm) planted with two common vegetable crops (Amaranthus hybridus and Abelmoschus esculentus) and irrigated with wastewater. In addition to the geochemical analyses of the primary un-amended and amended soils before planting as well as residual soils after harvesting, measurements of the physico-chemical parameters and chemical analyses of trace metals concentrations in irrigation leachates and harvested vegetable tissues were also undertaken following appropriate standard sample preparation and analytical methods.The results of the geochemical analyses carried out on irrigation leachate samples collected during the sprouting stage revealed that most of the analyzed trace metals in the collected leachates exhibited 2-10 folds depletion (except for Cu and Co with enrichment of about 1.5-3 folds) compared to the initial wastewater used for irrigation. A situation attributed to uptake/bioaccumulation of these metals and selective enrichment in the residual soils as well as to leaching by infiltrating irrigation water. Nonetheless, the observed higher trace elements concentrations in the second sets of leachates collected during harvesting stage compared to the first sets of leachates collected during the sprouting/vegetative stage is an indication of higher plant uptake during sprouting/vegetative stage or initial sorption/complexation of biosolids amendment before later vertical re-mobilization by infiltrating irrigation water.Although, virtually all of the analyzed metals exhibited elevated concentrations (2-173 ppm) in both A. hybridus and A. esculentus, a closer evaluation revealed 1.2-8.2 folds enrichment of Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb in A. esculentus compared to that of A. hybridus, an indication of the fact that phyto-accumulation of trace metal is plant-specific and dependent on physiological set-up. The overall evaluation had clearly demonstrated the potential danger of bioaccumulation of toxic trace metals under biosolid amended soils as well as impacts of irrigation-induced leaching on the shallow groundwater quality, while the need to evolve a sustainable agricultural practices is also highlighted.

Capsule

Organo-mineral amendment can lead to trace metal bioaccumulation (in plants) and irrigation-induced leaching to shallow groundwater system.  相似文献   

Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool, wet climate of central Norway   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

H. C. F. Riley  M. A. Bleken  S. Abrahamsen  A. K. Bergjord  A. K. Bakken 《Soil & Tillage Research》2005,80(1-2):79-93

Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.  相似文献   

浅水湿润托盘育苗对盘内温度及烤烟生长发育及生物学性状的影响     

金祥  田必文  陈风雷  温明霞  罗贞宝  龙胜贤 《安徽农业科学》2013,(14):6178-6180

[目的]探讨烤烟浅水湿润托盘育苗的优势,为其广泛应该提供理论依据。[方法]以漂浮育苗为对照,研究烤烟浅水湿润托盘育苗时盘内温度及烟苗生长状况。[结果]浅水湿润托盘盘内温度较漂浮育苗盘内温度高0.4℃,出苗率相当,苗龄、移栽期、单株苗重、根系情况等方面均优于漂浮育苗。用该技术所育烟苗素质较好,栽后还苗期短,烟株长势较为旺盛,有利于烟叶产量、质量的提高。另外,较少的育苗用水量,有利于缓解干旱地区烤烟育苗的用水压力,减少育苗成本。[结论]浅水湿润托盘育苗技术充分继承了漂浮育苗技术和托盘育苗技术的优点,在烤烟育苗中有着广阔的应用空间。  相似文献   

茂兰喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式下浅层地下水化学组成的变化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李准  刘方  陈祖拥  卜通达  邓为难  张玲 《山地农业生物学报》2009,28(1)

通过对贵州省荔波县茂兰喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式下(阔叶林区、农业区、城镇居民区)的浅层地下水进行调查和采样分析,探讨茂兰喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式下浅层地下水化学组成的变化.结果表明,茂兰喀斯特山区林地地下水离子主要为HCO3-、SO42- 、Ca2+、Mg2+ ,其分别占离子总量的66.77%、9.68%、17.38%、5.46% .从林地-农用地-城镇居民地的变化过程中,NH4+ 、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-、PO43-浓度出现显著增加,Ca2+、HCO3-占离子总量的百分数呈明显的下降,而SO42- 占离子总量的百分数则出现明显的上升.  相似文献   

环鄱阳湖地区浅层地下水化学特征及成因分析     

杨涛  王世杰  陈生华 《安徽农业科学》2012,40(1):405-407

[目的]分析环鄱阳湖地区浅层地下水化学特征及成因。[方法]于2010年对环鄱阳湖地区7个县市的地下水质状况进行调查,从矿化度、硬度、水化学类型等方面对鄱阳湖区域不同地区浅层地下水质状况进行分析对比,揭示区域浅层地下水质现状及其变化特征与原因。[结果]环鄱阳湖地区地下水质指标除pH外均较好,均属Ⅰ类水质标准;其中南昌市矿化度、硬度、电导率、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、HCO3-为最高值,都昌县pH和SO42-为最高值,鄱阳县Mg2+和pH为最低值,永修县硬度、K+、Ca2+、SO42-、Cl-为最低值,进贤县Na+、矿化度和电导率为最低值。江西整体经济发展水平不高是环鄱阳湖地区地下水质较好的主要原因;南昌市地下水多项水质指标最大,甚至趋于Ⅱ类水质标准,是由于经济发展水平较高,人类活动起决定性作用。[结论]该研究为区域浅层地下水管理对策提供依据。  相似文献   

浅海筏式养殖系统贝类养殖容量研究进展   总被引：32，自引：2，他引：32  

杨红生 《水产学报》1999,23(1):84-90

据报道,以世界人均耕地计,中国人口以４亿为合适,按人均粮食５００ｋｇ／年计,中国人口以６亿为适度,按水资源来估算中国适度人口可为７亿。综合起来考虑,中国理想人口数量应在６．５亿左右［刘大椿等１９９５］,而我国实际人口已远远超过此数。很显然,只依靠耕地...  相似文献