60%氟吗·锰锌防治黄瓜霜霉病药效试验     

苏珍英 《广西农学报》2007,22(6):28-30

使用60%氟吗.锰锌防冶黄瓜霜霉病,每667m2用80~120g进行喷雾,防效达77.19~92.67%,优于代森锰锌。大田上使用建议在黄瓜发病初期施药,每隔7~10d施一次,连续使用2~3次,每次施药量100~120g/667m2。  相似文献   

生物质流化床气化与结渣特性中试试验     

廖新杰  张世红  李姜昊  罗俊伟  杨文海  张雄  陈汉平 《农业工程学报》2021,37(4):235-241

为优化生物质流化床气化工艺,该研究在中试规模流化床实验台上进行了成型树皮和成型秸秆的空气气化试验,研究了空气当量比、气化温度与送风温度对成型树皮和成型玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,同时采用电子探针显微分析仪与X射线光谱分析仪对气化过程中结渣的微观结构与成分进行了分析。结果表明:气化效果随着空气当量比增大先升后降,空气当量比较佳值在0.24左右,此工况下树皮与秸秆合成气热值分别为5.66和3.92 MJ/m~3,气化效率分别为59.62%与33.92%;气化温度增加促进气化效果提升,气化温度从700℃升高至800℃,树皮合成气热值与气化效率分别提升了1.01 MJ/m~3与14.28%;一次风温度的提升对气化效果无显著影响(P0.05),但明显提升了炉膛底部温度,容易导致结渣,不利于设备稳定运行。2种生物质都有明显结渣现象,其表面呈现熔融玻璃状。结渣主要由KAl(SiO3)、K2MgSi_5O_(12)等复杂化合物与SiO_2组成。导致结渣的原因主要是生物质中K、Mg等碱金属元素在床料中富集,与石英砂床料反应形成低熔点熔融盐;树皮含有较多Ca,气化中形成高熔点的CaSO_4进而抑制结渣,而秸秆成灰率高,含有较多的K,导致结渣更为严重。  相似文献   

设施果园自动对靶精准变量施肥控制系统   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

白秋薇  张信  罗红品  李光林 《农业工程学报》2021,37(12):28-35

针对目前果园条施肥过程中缺乏精准变量对靶施肥装置的问题,该研究研制了一种排肥轮槽口体积可根据果树目标施肥量及冠层直径大小自动调节,排肥轮转速随施肥车速自动变化的果园精准变量自动对靶施肥装置与控制系统。该装置采用外槽轮式结构,槽口体积可连续调节自动变化。采用激光雷达传感器实时探测果树冠层位置,使用霍尔传感器检测施肥车行驶速度,以STM32F407VET6单片机为核心设计了控制器。分别以尿素、复合肥、有机复合肥3种颗粒肥料为试验材料,标定了不同排肥轮槽口开度在不同排肥轮转速下的排肥量,单个槽口排肥量与排肥轮转速呈负线性关系,决定系数R2不小于0.93;建立了单棵果树目标施肥量与排肥轮转速、施肥车速、槽口体积以及果树冠层直径4个变量之间的关系及排肥轮转速控制规则。室内台架试验结果表明,单棵柑橘树实际施肥量与给定目标施肥量相对误差最大为5.17%,变异系数最大为1.47%,可在施肥车速变化情况下准确施用不同颗粒肥料。大棚柑橘果园自动对靶施肥试验结果表明,单棵柑橘树实际施肥量与给定目标施肥量相对误差最大为4.83%,变异系数最大为6.96%,且施肥均在果树冠层直径范围内完成。该装置能够根据果树冠层直径大小对靶按需施肥,适应不同种类颗粒肥的少量或较大量定量施肥,满足不同大小果树不同需肥量的精准变量自动施肥要求。  相似文献   

超大颗粒肥水田气力深施加速器设计及参数优化     

辛明金  张曼  朱仰昆  姜志文  宋玉秋  孔爱菊  崔红光 《农业工程学报》2024,40(8):43-52

为解决水稻撒施追肥存在的肥料流失、利用率低及机械深施肥工作部件易堵塞、伤根等问题,该研究设计了一种用于水田深施追肥机的超大颗粒肥气力式加速器。该加速器利用双螺旋高压气流,在其与肥料上端构成的近封闭空间内加速超大颗粒肥,实现其高速射入泥壤,并可避免肥料颗粒与管壁碰撞;出口设置渐扩管扩散气流,可减轻对泥壤的冲击,提高施肥位置的稳定性。根据超大颗粒肥参数与加速器功能要求,确定了加速器的结构参数,并根据肥料入泥深度所需的射出速度,分析确定了加速器的工作参数。在此基础上,基于Fluent软件的六自由度重叠动网格建立了加速器仿真模型,以进口气流速度、螺旋角和加速管直径为试验因素,进行单因素仿真试验与三因素三水平Box Behnken组合仿真试验,研究各因素对肥料射出速度与气流扩散率的影响。多因素试验分析及响应面分析结果表明,加速器的最佳工作参数为进口气流速度47 m/s、加速管直径21 mm、螺旋进气口螺旋角43°。在此条件下进行台架验证试验,得到肥料射出速度均值为12.61 m/s,出口气流扩散率均值为85.5%,肥料入泥平均深度为4.68 cm,达到了水稻追肥要求。该研究可为超大颗粒肥水田气力深施追肥机设计提供参考。  相似文献   

辊刷式蓖麻收获机采摘机构优化设计与试验     

刘磊  吴腾  孔凡婷  孙勇飞  陈长林  谢庆  石磊 《农业工程学报》2021,37(8):19-29

针对蓖麻机械化采收时采净率低、破损率高等难题,结合蓖麻物理特性和种植模式,研究设计了辊刷式蓖麻收获机采摘机构。首先在分析采摘机构总体结构的基础上阐述了辊刷式采摘原理,阐明了辊刷、螺旋输送器、传动系统等关键部件的设计。进一步地,为探究采摘机构相关参数的最优组合,提高蓖麻采摘质量,采用Box-Benhnken响应面试验设计理论,以前进速度、辊刷转速、刷丝长度为影响因素,以采净率、籽粒破损率及含杂率为作业质量评价指标,进行参数优化试验。建立各影响因素与指标之间的回归数学模型,并分析各因素对响应值的交互影响,同时对模型进行了综合优化,获得最优参数组合为:前进速度0.72 m/s、辊刷转速371.69 r/min、刷丝长度56.60 mm,对应的采净率、籽粒破损率、含杂率分别为90.81%、0.17%、11.27%。对优化结果进行验证试验,试验结果表明在最优参数组合下,采净率为91.36%、籽粒破损率为0.18%、含杂率为11.67%,各评价指标与预测值均很接近。研究结果可为辊刷式蓖麻收获机进一步完善结构设计和工作参数优化提供参考。  相似文献   

不同种植间距对香根草植物边坡优先流发育特征的影响     

于师  李珍玉  王梦珂  江学良  欧阳淼 《水土保持通报》2022,42(3):49-56

[目的]分析优先流在香根草边坡中的发育特征,研究植物根系与优先流之间的关系,为进一步研究降雨条件下植物根系对边坡土体稳定性的影响提供理论依据。[方法]以种植间距为50 cm和10 cm的香根草为研究对象,模拟30 mm和50 mm两种不同的降雨量,采用示踪剂试验研究了香根草边坡土壤的优先流发育特征。[结果]香根草种植间距从50 cm减少到10 cm会增大边坡的水力响应。在50 mm的降雨量作用下,10 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤的染色面积比率和优先流比分别是50 cm的1.55,1.76倍。表层土0—10 cm土层深度范围内染色路径数量变化不明显,在10—35 cm深度土层范围,10 cm种植间距的染色路径数量多于50 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤。当降雨量由30 mm增加至50 mm时,水流会通过优势通道更迅速迁移到边坡土壤中。降雨量为30 mm土壤的染色面积比率(36.11%)和优先流比(67.25%)小于50 mm土壤的染色面积比率(49.68%)和优先流比(79.96%),并且染色路径数量随着降雨量的增加而增多。[结论]香根草根系特征与优先流关系密切。选择植物护坡时,应合理选...  相似文献   

紫云英添加对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

周方亮  李峰  黄雅楠  耿明建  黄丽 《土壤》2020,52(4):781-788

以湖北省武汉市稻田土壤为研究对象,分别设置不添加紫云英(CK)、添加2%土壤质量的紫云英(G1)、添加4%土壤质量的紫云英(G2)3个处理,进行干湿交替模拟培养试验,研究培养60、120和180d土壤团聚体组成及团聚体内有机碳的分布特征。结果表明:添加紫云英培养120 d增加了各处理2 mm团聚体含量,培养60 d时G1处理的增幅最大(78.08%),培养120 d时G2处理的增幅最大(77.31%),且显著提高了团聚体的平均重量直径。不同培养时期添加紫云英均提高了土壤的有机碳含量,且G2处理土壤有机碳含量高于G1处理,各处理随着培养时间的增加有机碳含量先增加后降低。团聚体中有机碳含量均随着粒级的减小而降低,紫云英添加培养180 d时团聚体各粒级有机碳含量均有所提升,且2 mm团聚体的有机碳含量增幅最大(17.17%～43.67%)。紫云英添加培养120 d时主要增加大团聚体内各有机碳组分的相对含量,180 d时显著增加了微团聚体内细颗粒有机碳的含量。  相似文献   

FAHP-GIS在FAST台址单体滑坡危险性评价中的应用     

潘网生  李鑫  张晓周  傅良同  姚兴 《水土保持通报》2020,40(4):108-115,132

[目的]研究贵州省平塘县500 m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)工程台址光明顶滑坡的危险性及其区划,为该区及相似地区的滑坡灾害监测与防治提供参考依据。[方法]选取地形地貌、岩性岩组、地质构造、人类工程活动及灾害历史等作为一级评价指标,在此基础上发展二级评价指标,运用GIS技术构建基于模糊层次法(FAHP)的滑坡危险性评价指标体系,并完全参与对指标隶属度矩阵的运算,开展针对喀斯特单体滑坡危险性评价研究。[结果]光明顶坡体总体居于中危险和低危险水平,局部高危险,高危险区域主要位于1 H馈源塔和断层破碎带区域的3个支撑柱附近,高危险区约占研究区面积的4%。[结论]光明顶坡体存在安全隐患,已经对精密的射电望远镜设施的安全运行构成威胁。本文评价结果与实际情况基本相符,评价方法在单体滑坡危险性评价研究方面具有创新性,且可操作。  相似文献   

Stable carbon isotope ratios of water-extractable organic carbon affected by application of rice straw and rice straw compost during a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata,Japan     

Toan Nguyen-Sy  Samuel Munyaka Kimani  Hiroyuki Shiono  Reo Sugawara  Keitaro Tawaraya 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2020,66(1):125-132

ABSTRACT

Hot-water- and water-extractable organic matter were obtained from soil samples collected from a rice paddy 31 years after the start of a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata, Japan. Specifically, hot-water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (HWEOC and HWEON) were obtained by extraction at 80°C for 16 h, and water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (WEOC and WEON) were obtained by extraction at room temperature. The soil samples were collected from surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm) layers of five plots that had been treated with inorganic fertilizers alone or with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter, as follows: PK, NPK, NPK plus rice straw (RS), NPK plus rice straw compost (CM1), and NPK plus a high dose of rice straw compost (CM3). The soil/water ratio was 1:10 for both extraction temperatures. We found that the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of the bulk soils were highly correlated with the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents regardless of extraction temperature, and the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in the plots that were treated with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter than in the PK and NPK plots. The HWEOC and WEOC δ¹³C values ranged from ?28.2% to ?26.4% and were similar to the values for the applied rice straw and rice straw compost. There were no correlations between the HWEOC or WEOC δ¹³C values and the amounts of HWEOC or WEOC. The δ¹³C values of the bulk soils ranged from ?25.7% to ?23.2% and were lower for the RS and CM plots than for the PK and NPK plots. These results indicate that HWEOC and WEOC originated mainly from rice plants and the applied organic matter rather than from the indigenous soil organic matter. The significant positive correlations between the amounts of HWEOC and HWEON and the amount of available nitrogen (P < 0.001) imply that extractable organic matter can be used as an index for soil fertility in this long-term experiment. We concluded that the applied organic matter decomposed more rapidly than the indigenous soil organic matter and affected WEOC δ¹³C values and amounts.  相似文献   

Soil microbial communities resistant to changes in plant functional group composition     

Carolyn B. Marshall  Roy Turkington 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(1):78-85

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition. We used a removal experiment in a northern Canadian grassland to examine the effects of plant functional group identity on soil microbial community structure and function. Plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes and forbs) were removed independently from plots for five growing seasons (2003-2007) and in the fifth year effects on the soil microbial community were examined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR - a measure of metabolic diversity) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA - a measure of microbial community composition). Removal treatments were also crossed with both a fertilizer treatment and a fungicide treatment to determine if effects of functional group identity on the soil community were context dependent. Plant functional group identity had almost no effect on the soil microbial community as measured by either SIR or PLFA. Likewise, soil properties including total carbon, pH, moisture and nutrients showed a limited response to plant removals in the fifth year after removals. We found a direct effect of fertilizer on the soil community, with fertilized plots having decreased metabolic diversity, with a decreased ability to metabolize amino acids and a phenolic acid, but there was no direct soil microbial response to fungicide. We show that in this northern Canadian grassland the soil microbial community is relatively insensitive to changes in plant functional group composition, and suggest that in northern ecosystems, where plant material is only slowly incorporated into the soil, five growing seasons may be insufficient to detect the impact of a changing plant community on the soil microbes.  相似文献