阔叶红松林两个主要树种叶功能性状随树高变化     

魏丽萍  侯继华  蒋思思 《广东农业科学》2014,41(12):55-58

植物功能性状之间的不同组合和权衡决定了植物的生活史对策,反映了植物对环境变化的适应,个体 水平功能性状的变异更是其能量投资策略的体现。为获取随树高变化叶功能性状的变化,对蛟河阔叶红松林两个主 要树种白桦和青杨的5 个叶功能性状指标进行比较分析。结果表明,除青杨氮磷比外,两个树种的比叶面积、叶干物 质含量、氮含量、磷含量及白桦氮磷比均与树高存在显著相关性,且多数相关系数高于0.5。对树冠进行分层比较,除 氮含量外,白桦比叶面积、叶干物质含量、磷含量和氮磷比在树冠不同层次间差异显著,中层氮磷比小于14,上下层 氮磷比大于14,但未超过16;青杨叶片主要生长在树冠中上层,且除氮磷比外,其他功能性状指标在树冠不同部位 也有显著差异。叶功能性状随树高变化而变化可以认为主要由光照在树冠垂直变化引起的,体现了植物对光环境的 适应及资源的分配差异。  相似文献   

不同植物黄酮醇合成酶FLS的生物信息学分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄琼林  蔡春 《广东农业科学》2014,41(13):140-143

采用生物信息学方法和工具分析19种不同植物中的黄酮醇合成酶基因的核苷酸序列及编码氨基酸序列,对其理化特性、功能结构域、亲/疏水性、二级结构、信号肽、跨膜结构域以及分子系统进化关系等进行预测和推断,并构建分子进化树。结果表明,不同植物FLS基因的开放阅读框全长在1.0 kb左右,编码蛋白含330余个氨基酸,呈酸性,是一个没有任何信号肽、转运肽和跨膜结构域的亲水性蛋白。不同植物FLS氨基酸序列包含有黄酮醇合成酶功能域,而且琢-螺旋和不规则盘绕是其蛋白质二级结构的最大量结构元件。19个植物FLS在分子进化树中主要聚成3小支,来源于同科植物的FLS首先聚在一起,再与其他物种FLS聚在一起,进化分析在一定程度上反映了这些物种FLS的进化关系。  相似文献   

黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)入侵对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

赵晓红  皇甫超河  曲波  王月娟  王慧  刘红梅  杨殿林 《农业环境科学学报》2014,31(2):182-189

外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性的影响已成为生态学领域的研究热点之一。运用Biolog技术和氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤微生物代谢活性显著升高;土壤微生物群落平均吸光值(AWCD)的变化趋势为:入侵地根际土(RPS)>入侵地根围土(BS)>未入侵地(CK),且差异显著;而CK的功能多样性指数(H)高于BS,RPS亦高于BS,差异均显著(P<0.05)。主成分分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵使土壤微生物群落的碳源利用方式和代谢功能发生改变。对不同碳源利用的分析结果表明,糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和聚合物为土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。入侵样地BS和RPS的微生物量碳分别比CK高27.05%、121.52%;BS和RPS的微生物量氮分别比CK高37.40%、79.80%。相关性分析表明,AWCD与微生物量碳和微生物量氮均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。由此可知,黄顶菊入侵增强了入侵地土壤微生物代谢活性,降低了土壤微生物群落的功能多样性,增加了土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。  相似文献   

城镇化对中国农户储粮影响的区域间差异分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王航 《农业展望》2014,(1):23-27,32

以粮食主产区、主销区和产销平衡区为研究区域,建立反映城镇化对农户储粮影响的评价指标体系,该体系选取粮食生产、农村居民粮食消费及农业劳动力3个一级指标、耕地面积等16个二级指标,并以2004年和2011年数据为基础,运用主成分分析方法,研究城镇化对粮食生产三大区域农户储粮影响的差异。结果表明:粮食生产因素对粮食主产区农户储粮有明显影响,而粮食消费及劳动力的就业选择对粮食产销平衡区农户储粮的影响明显,粮食主销区受上述影响较其他两区弱。同时,2004年城镇化对粮食主产区的综合影响最明显,到2011年粮食产销平衡区受到的综合影响最显著。最后,提出了未来中国农户储粮的趋势及相关对策。  相似文献   

Taxonomic and functional macroinvertebrate diversity of high-altitude ponds in the Macun Cirque,Switzerland     

Matthew J. Hill  Paul J. Wood  Kate L. Mathers 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(11):3201-3214

1. Global environmental change is threatening freshwater biodiversity with ecological impacts predicted to be particularly severe in high-altitude regions. Despite this, an ecological understanding of high-altitude pond networks remains patchy, with only limited knowledge of the environmental and spatial predictors of taxonomic and functional diversity. Moreover, previous studies of pond ecosystems have focused primarily on taxonomic richness and largely overlooked functional diversity.
2. This study examined the influence of local environmental and spatial factors on taxonomic and functional α and β diversity (including the turnover and nestedness-resultant components) of 17 high-altitude (~2,500 m above sea level) pond macroinvertebrate communities, in the Macun Cirque, Switzerland.
3. Spatial processes (pond connectivity) were important drivers for taxonomic α diversity, while local environmental variables (pond permanence and surface area) were important determinants of functional α diversity. Species turnover was the most important component of β diversity for taxonomic composition, and functional composition demonstrated a nested spatial pattern.
4. Variation in taxonomic and functional composition (and the turnover and nestedness components of β diversity) were determined by local environmental variables despite the limited environmental gradients within the pond network. No significant effects of spatial variables on community composition were recorded for either facet of diversity, indicating that compositional variation was determined at a local scale. Water temperature, depth and pond permanence were consistently the most important measured drivers of diversity.
5. Given the importance of both spatial and environmental variables in structuring taxonomic and functional diversity, landscape-scale conservation and management activities that aim to improve or protect high-altitude freshwater biodiversity should focus on maintaining connectivity among ponds and environmental heterogeneity, particularly pond surface area, water depth, and hydroperiod. Understanding the mechanisms driving taxonomic and functional diversity will be critically important for the management and conservation of macroinvertebrate communities in high-altitude pond networks in the face of climatic warming.

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Connectivity,habitat, and flow regime influence fish assemblage structure: Implications for environmental water management in a perennial river of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia     

Bradley J. Pusey  Michael Douglas  Julian D. Olden  Sue Jackson  Quentin Allsop  Mark J. Kennard 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(7):1397-1411

1. Environmental water management seeks to balance competing demands between the water needed to sustain human populations and their economic activities and that required to sustain functioning freshwater ecosystems and the species they support. It must be predicated on an understanding of the environmental, hydrological, and biological factors that determine the distribution and abundance of aquatic species.
2. The Daly River of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia consists of a perennially flowing main stem and large tributaries, as well as many small to large naturally intermittent tributaries, and associated off‐channel wetlands. Increased groundwater abstraction to support irrigated agriculture during the dry season threatens to reduce dry‐season flows that maintain perenniality and persistence of freshwater fishes.
3. Fish assemblages were surveyed at 55 locations during the dry season over a 2‐year period with the goal of establishing the key landscape‐scale and local‐scale (i.e. habitat) drivers of fish species distribution.
4. Longitudinal (upstream/downstream) and lateral (river/floodplain) gradients in assemblage structure were observed with the latter dependent on the position in the river landscape. Underlying these gradients, stream flow intermittency influenced assemblage composition, species richness, and body size distributions. Natural constraints to dispersal were identified and their influence on assemblage structure was also dependent on position within the catchment.
5. Eight distinct assemblage types were identified, defined by differences in the abundance of species within five groups differing in functional traits describing body size, spawning requirements, and dispersal capacity. These functional groups largely comprised species widely distributed in northern Australia.
6. The results of the study are discussed with reference to the environmental flow needs of the Daly River and other rivers of northern Australia. The findings may also be applied to environmental flow management in savannah rivers elsewhere.

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农机铸件表面硼化物梯度耐磨材料的显微组织   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

宋月鹏  吕钊钦  柳洪洁  李江涛  冯媛媛  纪文文 《农业工程学报》2010,26(2):175-178

铸造表面合金化工艺制备的合金层存在着硬度高,机械加工困难及合金层与基体结合强度较低而易剥落的缺陷,该研究针对这些缺陷进行研究,采用梯度成分设计原则,制备出不同组分及含量的梯度合金粉剂层膏块,在HT200铸铁件表面制备出硼化物梯度耐磨材料,对该材料的形成过程、微观组织及显微硬度进行了研究,发现该合金层由过渡区→中间耐磨层→表面铸铁烧结层3部分组成,中间层的微观组织为硼化物,其基体上散布着高碳铬铁颗粒,且颗粒粒径影响其与梯度材料的熔合性,并在实际农机铸铁件犁锺上进行了现场应用,结果表明,与未处理零件相比,犁锺使用寿命提高2.5倍以上。  相似文献   

Habitat structure and prey aggregation determine the functional response in a soil predator-prey interaction     

Olivera Vucic-Pestic  Björn C. Rall  Ulrich Brose 《Pedobiologia》2010,53(5):307-5

Functional responses describe the per capita consumption rates of predators depending on prey density, which quantifies the energy transfer between trophic levels. We studied a typical interaction of the litter-soil systems between hunting spiders (Pardosa lugubris; Araneae: Lycosidae) and springtails (Heteromurus nitidus; Collembola: Entomobryidae) at varying habitat structure, i.e. with moss vs. without moss. We found a hyperbolic increase in consumption (functional response type II) in the treatment without habitat structure that was converted into a roller-coaster (or dome-shaped in a broad sense) functional response in treatments with habitat structure. Additional experiments suggest that the reduced per capita consumption rates at high prey densities may be explained by aggregative defence behaviour of the springtails. Experimentally, this behaviour was induced by the presence of habitat structure. We analyzed the net-energy gain of this predator-prey interaction by comparing the predator’s metabolic energy loss to its energy gain by consumption. In treatments with habitat structure, the net-energy gain of the predator was limited at intermediate prey densities where prey aggregation reduced the consumption rates. Our results stress the importance of habitat structure and prey behaviour in shaping the functional response in a typical soil-litter predator-prey interaction.  相似文献   

Reproductive season and female maturity size of coconut crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Birgus latro</Emphasis> on Hatoma Island,southern Japan     

Taku Sato  Kenzo Yoseda 《Fisheries Science》2008,74(6):1277-1282

Information about reproductive season, size at sexual maturity and size-dependent reproductive potentials is important for efficient resource management. Such information is necessary to determine seasonal closures and minimum legal size limits. To conserve resources of coconut crab Birgus latro, which are in danger of extinction due to excessive exploitation, their reproductive season, female size at functional maturity and relationship between female size and reproductive potentials were investigated. The reproductive season started in early June and ended late August, and females with higher reproductive potentials showed a tendency to spawn early in the reproductive season. The prohibition of exploiting the resources during the reproductive season, especially early in the season, would be appropriate for sustainability of high reproductive outputs. Fifty percent of investigated females matured functionally at 24.5-mm thoracic length (TL). However, the size at which all females reached functional maturity was 32.3 mm TL, and there was a wide variation in the size of functional maturity among individuals. We must determine minimum legal size by taking the variation into account to allow all individuals to mate at least once before they are caught, which may prevent serious depression in reproductive rate and genetic diversity.  相似文献   

The microbial habitat in soil: Scale,heterogeneity and functional consequences     

《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2017,180(4):425-429

The microbial habitat is rarely studied in soil microbial ecology even though microbial cells are exposed and adapt to their local environmental conditions. The physical environment also constrains interactions among organisms. The nature of microbial communities and their functioning can only be fully understood if their habitat is accounted for. Here, I describe the soil microbial habitat and show how our understanding of microbial functioning has been shaped by this line of investigation.  相似文献