Metabolic load in dairy cows kept in herbage‐based feeding systems and suitability of potential markers for compromised well‐being          下载免费PDF全文

R. S. Zbinden  M. Falk  A. Münger  F. Dohme‐Meier  H. A. van Dorland  R. M. Bruckmaier  J. J. Gross 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2017,101(4):767-778

Herbage feeding with only little input of concentrates plays an important role in milk production in grassland dominated countries like Switzerland. The objective was to investigate the effects of a solely herbage‐based diet and level of milk production on performance, and variables related to the metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory status to estimate the stress imposed on dairy cows. Twenty‐five multiparous Holstein cows were divided into a control (C+, n = 13) and a treatment group (C?, n = 12), according to their previous lactation yield (4679–10 808 kg) from week 3 ante partum until week 8 post‐partum (p.p.). While C+ received fresh herbage plus additional concentrate, no concentrate was fed to C? throughout the experiment. Within C+ and C?, the median of the preceding lactation yields (7752 kg) was used to split cows into a high (HYC+, HYC?)‐ and low‐yielding (LYC+, LYC?) groups. Throughout the study, HYC+ had a higher milk yield (35.9 kg/d) compared to the other subgroups (27.2–31.7 kg/d, p < 0.05). Plasma glucose (3.51 vs. 3.72 mmol/l) and IGF‐1 (66.0 vs. 78.9ng/mL) concentrations were lower in HYC?/LYC? compared to HYC+/LYC+ cows (p < 0.05). Plasma FFA and BHBA concentrations were dramatically elevated in HYC? (1.1 and 1.6 mmol/l) compared to all other subgroups (mean values: 0.5 and 0.6 mmol/l, p < 0.05). Saliva cortisol, plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), beta‐endorphin (BE) and activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) were not different between C+ and C?. In conclusion, herbage‐fed high‐yielding cows without supplementary concentrate experienced a high metabolic load resulting in a reduced performance compared to cows of similar potential fed accordingly. Low‐yielding cows performed well without concentrate supplementation. Interestingly, the selected markers for inflammation and stress such as cortisol, Hp, SAA, BE and AP gave no indication for the metabolic load being translated into compromised well‐being.  相似文献   

生草配合施用有机肥对省力高效梨园土壤的培肥效应研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙计平  张玉星  吴照辉  李英丽  王国英  张江红 《草业学报》2017,26(4):80-88

为了推动果园生草在我国的推广应用,研究生草配合施用有机肥土壤管理方式对省力高效现代梨园土壤养分的作用效应,在冀中平原的“雪青”梨园,以常规清耕梨园为对照,研究省力高效梨园生草4年和生草8年的培肥效应,于2014年梨树萌芽期,在80 cm土层内分10 cm一层取样,分别测定不同土层的有机质、大量元素和微量元素含量,比较不同处理土壤营养元素的变化特征。结果表明,生草梨园0~50 cm土层有效养分含量均达到较高水平;与常规梨园相比较,这种管理模式短期(4年)增加了0~10 cm土层碱解氮、速效磷、有效锌含量和0~20 cm土层速效钾、有效铁含量,长期(8年)显著增加了0~10 cm土层有机质和碱解氮含量、0~20 cm有效铁和有效锰含量、0~30 cm速效磷和有效铜含量、0~40 cm有效锌含量和0~50 cm速效钾含量。显著降低了0~30 cm土层pH值,明显提高了河北省石灰性梨园土壤磷、铁、锌的有效性。长期生草配合施用有机肥能够增加上层土壤有效养分含量,生草8年后,0~50 cm土层速效磷、速效钾和有效锌占0~80 cm土层比重分别达到92%、82%和88%,为梨园提供充足营养的同时降低了环境污染的风险,有利于梨园土壤培肥和果园的可持续发展。  相似文献   

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本地埂植物根系分布及抗拉力学特征   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

周萍  文安邦  严冬春  史忠林  龙翼 《水土保持通报》2017,37(3):1-6,14

[目的]探究三峡库区紫色土坡耕地3种草本地埂植物根系分布及抗拉特征,为揭示地埂植物根系固结地埂提供理论依据和数据支持。[方法]以三峡库区自然恢复的蓑草、人工种植的韭菜和蚕豆这3种草本地埂植物根系为研究对象,对比分析其根系在不同地埂土壤深度的分布规律及根系抗拉特性。[结果](1)在0—40cm深度土壤中3种草本地埂植物根系直径变化表现出:蚕豆根系韭菜根系蓑草根系。3种草本地埂植物根系直径与地埂土壤的土层深度间服从指数函数关系。(2)在0—40cm地埂土层深度范围内,韭菜根系生物量与蓑草根系和蚕豆根系生物量之间存在显著性差异(p0.05),韭菜和蚕豆地埂植物根系生物量随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,蓑草地埂植物根系生物量随土层深度的增加先增加后减小。(3)3种草本地埂植物根系的单根平均抗拉力次序为蚕豆根系(10.53N)蓑草根系(6.03N)韭菜根系(4.51N),3种地埂植物根系单根抗拉力与根径呈幂函数关系(p0.05)。3种地埂植物根系的抗拉强度表现为蓑草根系(45.91 MPa)蚕豆根系(18.02MPa)韭菜根系(12.20 MPa)。(4)3种草本地埂植物根系黏聚力变化顺序为:蓑草根系(0.013 1kPa)蚕豆根系(0.009 4kPa)韭菜根系(0.005 5kPa)且3种地埂植物根系黏聚力与土层深度呈指数函数关系(p0.01)。[结论]自然恢复的蓑草地埂在三峡库区较其他两种人工种植的地埂植物有更好的固结地埂效果,从而有效控制坡面土壤侵蚀和水土流失。草本植物固结地埂可为三峡库区坡耕地治理提供新思路。  相似文献   

三江源地区天然牧草气候生产力评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李惠梅 《安徽农业科学》2010,38(12):6414-6416,6460

选用河南、甘德、同德、玉树、曲麻莱、五道梁和玛多7个气象台站的1971～2004年的气象资料,对三江源地区的气候条件进行了分析,应用综合数学模型建立了三江源地区的天然草场植物气候生产力评估模型。结果表明：三江源地区气候生产力总体上呈下降的趋势,气候生产潜力较大。在较小范围内,海拔高度和气候生产力呈反比关系,海拔每上升100m气候生产力约降低1200～1425kg/ha,同时水分也是三江源地区天然牧草气候生产力的制约因素之一。  相似文献   

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of herbage ingestion upon ileal digestibility of amino acids in heavy Iberian pigs fed on an acorn‐based diet     

R. García‐Valverde  R. Nieto  J. F. Aguilera 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2010,94(5):e203-e214

We conducted two experiments with heavy Iberian pigs to determine the ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) in acorns and freshly cut herbage, and the effects of adding fresh herbage upon the supply of ileal digestible AA when pigs were fed on holm‐oak acorns. In Experiment 1, carried out in cannulated pigs of 107 kg bodyweight (BW), daily intake of acorns reached 44.9 g DM/kg^0.75 BW. Arg, His and Thr showed the lowest apparent ileal digestibility (AID) values, whereas Met, the branched‐chain AA and Phe had the highest coefficients. The AID of total EAA was 0.716 but only 0.222 for NEAA. Most of the digestive and absorptive processes of acorn protein occurred before the hindgut. Acorn provides (per kg DM) 2.27 g apparent ileal digestible Lys and 22.7 g apparent total digestible AA. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values for EAA, NEAA and total AA were 0.924 ± 0.020, 0.784 ± 0.041 and 0.860 ± 0.029. In Experiment 2 fresh herbage was given to six cannulated Iberian pigs of 140 kg either as a single feed (13.7 g DM/kg^0.75 BW) or as a supplement to acorns (28.4 g DM/kg^0.75 BW). When only freshly cut forage was offered the AID of the EAA, NEAA and total AA was close to 0.65 and supplied (per kg DM ingested) 5.61 g AID Lys and 91.7 g digestible AA. Standardized ileal values were 0.744 ± 0.023, 0.912 ± 0.038 and 0.831 ± 0.030 respectively. The addition of fresh forage to the acorns led to a significant decrease in AID of AA in acorn due to digesta transfer to the hindgut: His (p < 0.01), Met (p < 0.001), Phe (p = 0.092), Thr (p < 0.05) and Val (p < 0.05), but Arg, Lys and the branched‐chain AA remained unaffected. The main contribution of herbage to AA nutrition of the grazing Iberian pig relies mainly on increasing the supply of digestible AA for pig tissues.  相似文献   

渭北果园生草生物量与土壤养分因子的关系     

方凯凯  张玉岱  李树  王志康  杜毅飞  李会科 《干旱地区农业研究》2016,34(5):172-179

果园生草技术作为一种先进的果园管理模式,能够改善土壤的理化性状。采用Person相关性和通径分析方法,对苹果园清耕、苹果/白三叶(Trifoliurn repens L.)、苹果/红三叶(Trifolium pretense)、苹果/小冠花(Coronilla varia L.)、苹果/鸡脚草(Dactylis glomerata L.)、苹果/百脉根(Lotuscorniculatus)间作6种管理模式下生草生物量和土壤养分因子进行了研究,探讨了生草生物量与土壤养分因子的关系,以期为果园生草的合理选择与有效管理提供参考。结果表明:5种生草的总生物量都介于150~300 g·m-2,小冠花的总生物量最大,而白三叶最小,具体顺序为:小冠花百脉根鸡脚草红三叶白三叶。通径分析结果表明,土壤肥力因子对生草生物量的直接作用系数大小顺序为容重全氮速效钾有机碳硝态氮铵态氮速效磷,土壤容重和全氮的直接和间接通径系数较大(分别为0.847和0.917),是影响生草生物量最主要的因素,速效钾和有机碳是影响生草生物量的次要因子,而硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷对生草生物量的作用很微弱。  相似文献   

安徽新安江干流滩涂湿地草本植物区系及物种多样性     

杨文斌  刘坤  周守标 《勤云标准版测试》2013,33(5):1433-1442

以新安江干流(安徽段)滩涂湿地草本植物群落为研究对象,探讨其区系组成及不同江段物种多样性的变化规律.结果表明:(1)该区共有草本被子植物48科、131属、194种(含种下分类单位);以禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Compositae)和蓼科(Polygonaceae)为优势科;以蓼属(Polygonum)、莎草属(Cyperus)、大戟属(Euphorbia)和蒿属(Artemisia)等为优势属,属的组成相对较为分散,寡种属和单种属占总属数的97.7％;(2)从分布区类型看,科以世界分布占明显优势(43.8％);属的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多(30.5％),其次是世界分布(26.0％),总体上热带成分略多于温带成分(57/40);表明该区草本植物区系地理成分较为复杂,分布区类型多样,具有热带、亚热带与暖温带的多重性质,但以亚热带性质为主;(3)各滩涂湿地植物群落的建群种、优势种及伴生种的种类等组成特征均存在一定差异,狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)和假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)等为滩涂湿地的主要优势种;江段干流不同流域滩涂湿地草本植物群落的α多样性的变化格局与丰富度指数的变化格局比较一致,总体上呈现逐渐减小的趋势,表现为上游＞中游＞下游;与之相反,植物群落的β多样性——相异性系数和Cody指数总体上呈现上升的格局.这种多样性格局的成因需要进一步分析和探讨.  相似文献   

Potential of imaging spectroscopy as tool for pasture management     

A. G. T. Schut  C. Lokhorst†  M. M. W. B. Hendriks  J. G. Kornet†  G. Kasper‡ 《Grass and Forage Science》2005,60(1):34-45

The use of imaging spectroscopy to predict the herbage mass of dry matter (DM), DM content of herbage and crude fibre, ash, total sugars and mineral (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe) concentrations was evaluated. The experimental system used measured reflectance between 404 and 1650 nm at high spatial (0·28–1·45 mm²) and spectral resolution. Data from two experiments with Lolium perenne L. mini‐swards were used where the degree of sward damage or N‐fertilizer application varied. Regression models were calibrated and validated and the potential reduction in prediction error with multiple observations was estimated. The mean prediction errors for DM mass, DM content and N, total sugars, ash and crude fibre concentrations were 235–268 kg ha^?1, 9·6–16·8 g kg^?1, 2·4–3·4 g kg DM^?1, 16·2–27·7 g kg DM^?1, 5·8–6·5 g kg DM^?1 and 8·4–10·4 g kg DM^?1 respectively. The predictions for concentrations of P, K, S and Mg allowed identification of deficiency levels, in contrast to the concentrations of Na, Zn, Mn and Ca which could not be predicted with adequate precision. Prediction errors of DM mass may be maximally reduced to 95–142 kg ha^?1 with 25 replicate measurements per field. It is concluded that imaging spectroscopy can provide an accurate means for assessment of DM mass of standing grass herbage. Predictions of macronutrient content and feeding value were satisfactory. The methodology requires further evaluation under field conditions.  相似文献   

Selective defoliation by sheep according to slope and plant species in the hill country of New Zealand     

I. F. López  J. Hodgson  D. I. Hedderley†  I. Valentine  M. G. Lambert‡ 《Grass and Forage Science》2003,58(4):339-349

The objective of the study was to evaluate the grazing behaviour by sheep in hill country paddocks in New Zealand which had received two long‐term fertilization and stocking rate treatments [high fertility–high stocking rate (HH); low fertility–low stocking rate (LL)]. Herbage accumulation and selective grazing were evaluated within low slope (LS), medium slope (MS) and high slope (HS) categories. Transects lines were placed and tillers of Agrostis capillaris and Lolium perenne in the LS category; A. capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum and L. perenne in the MS category; and A. capillaris and A. odoratum in the HS category were marked. The leaf length of each marked tiller was measured and used to determine selective grazing over 3 weeks during each season. The highest herbage accumulation rates were during spring and the lowest in summer and winter. The LS category showed the highest herbage accumulation rates and HS the lowest. Except for autumn, the marked tillers were more frequently grazed in the HH than in the LL paddock. During summer, autumn and spring, grazing frequency in the slope categories was in the order LS > MS > HS. During winter sheep did not discriminate between slope category. During summer, autumn and spring, sheep did not selectively graze the species studied but this was not the case during winter. Overall, sheep selectively grazed L. perenne. In all the seasons L. perenne consistently had the longest leaves but within species there was no consistent relationship between leaf length and probability of being grazed. Selective grazing changed through the year according to herbage accumulation rate. Sheep concentrated grazing in the category LS when herbage accumulation rate was high, but they did not discriminate between slope categories in winter when herbage accumulation rate was low.  相似文献   

陕北黄土高原小流域土壤有效铜分布特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李社新  李占斌  张晓霞 《水土保持通报》2011,31(1):114-116,221

对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同密度的刺槐林、榆树林、油松林、侧柏林、油松刺槐混交林等林下草本层物种组成及多样性进行了研究,目的是为人工林生态功能恢复评价和植被建设提供理论依据。研究结果表明,该区林下草本植物共有36种,多以阳性植物为主;由于林分树种组成和密度不同,林下草本物种差异较大;林下植被演替大多处于植被演替初级阶段,针阔混交林在物种数量和建种群落上表现最好,其次是油松纯林和刺槐纯林,榆树纯林生境条件最差;无论是丰富度指数还是多样性和均匀度指数,针阔混交林表现最好,其次为刺槐、油松纯林,表现最差的为榆树、侧柏纯林。  相似文献