Continuous and rotational grazing of dairy cows – the interactions of grazing system with level of milk yield, sward height and concentrate level     

R. G. Pulido  J. D. Leaver† 《Grass and Forage Science》2003,58(3):265-275

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that for cows with high levels of milk yield, rotational grazing produces higher milk yields than continuous grazing. The comparison of grazing systems was made at two levels of milk yield (initially 20·3 and 32·5 kg d^?1), and interactions with sward height and concentrate level were also examined. The study used 48 multiparous Holstein Friesian cows over a period of 62 d. Mean milk yield, its persistency and composition, live weight, body condition score and liveweight gain were not significantly affected by grazing system at either level of milk yield. There were no significant interactions between grazing system and sward height or concentrate level for any milk production measurement. Mean estimated herbage and total dry matter (DM) intake (P < 0·01), grazing time (P < 0·05) and ruminating time (P < 0·01) were significantly greater on the continuous grazing system. The cows in the higher milk yield group and those grazed at the higher sward height had a significantly (P < 0·05) higher estimated daily herbage DM intake and rate of herbage intake on the continuous grazing system than those on the rotational grazing system. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that rotational grazing systems support higher levels of milk production than continuous grazing for cows of high milk yield. The shorter grazing time on the rotational grazing system indicated that cows may anticipate the timing of the daily movement of the electric fence, and this reduces their time spent grazing residual herbage.  相似文献   

以草代料栽培食用菌的相关技术与主要物质转化机制研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李波  刘朋虎  王义祥  翁伯琦 《福建农业学报》2015,(1):90-97

以草代料栽培食用菌对其产量和品质具有一定的影响,选择适宜的菌草代替常规的栽培料可以提高食用菌子实体的产量,改善食用菌的品质,有利于提升食用菌的可食药用性价值,同时降低生产成本。本文从内因和外因(环境)两方面阐明影响食用菌生长发育的主要影响因素,适宜的生长条件可以促进食用菌的生长发育。总结了以草代料栽培食用菌的栽培品种、栽培模式、生产方式等最新的研究进展,并指出了以草代料栽培食用菌出现的一些问题,对今后以草代料栽培食用菌的研究提出几点建议。  相似文献   

Effects of ruminal fill on short-term herbage intake rate and grazing dynamics of beef heifers     

P. Gregorini†  S. A. Gunter  C. A. Masino  P. A. Beck 《Grass and Forage Science》2007,62(3):346-354

The impact of manipulating ruminal fill (RF) on intake rate of herbage and grazing dynamics was measured with three rumen‐cannulated beef heifers grazing Bermudagrass pastures individually. The treatments compared were removal of proportions of rumen contents of 0 (treatment RF0), 0·33 (treatment RF33), 0·66 (treatment RF66) and 1·00 (treatment RF100). Treatments were randomly applied in a 3 × 4 Youden‐square design. The rumens were emptied before and after planned grazing sessions (30 min) to set up the treatments, and to estimate intake rate and bite mass, respectively. Measurements were made of bite rate, bites per feeding station, feeding stations per minute, intake per feeding station, time per feeding station, eating and searching step rates and times. Apparent bite area and area grazed per feeding station were calculated. Ruminal fill affected short‐term intake rate and changed grazing dynamics. As RF increased, step rates, searching times, bite mass, apparent bite area, bites per feeding station, area grazed per feeding station, time per feeding station and intake per feeding station decreased (P < 0·01) while step times, eating step rates and bite depth increased (P < 0·01). The results of the present study indicate that RF is an important factor governing the intake characteristics and behaviour of grazing beef heifers.  相似文献   

Interactions between leaf lifespan and defoliation frequency in temperate and tropical pastures: a review     

G. Lemaire  S. C. Da Silva  M. Agnusdei  M. Wade  J. Hodgson 《Grass and Forage Science》2009,64(4):341-353

In continuously stocked swards or pastures the frequency at which individual tillers and individual leaves are defoliated by ruminant livestock, relative to leaf lifespan of the grass species within the sward, determines the proportion of each leaf defoliated before senescence, and hence the efficiency of harvesting of herbage. In this paper, sets of data obtained in a range of climatic conditions and with a range of grass species are used in order to document this relationship. It is shown that the frequency of defoliation of individual tillers or individual leaves is closely linked to the average stocking density used within a period of time for maintaining a steady state sward or pasture height, herbage mass or leaf area index. Consequently, any decrease in herbage growth rate should lead to a decrease in the efficiency of harvesting of herbage and then to a more than proportional decrease in total herbage consumption by ruminant livestock. These effects will be more important for grass species having short leaf lifespan than for species with long lifespan. In rotational stocking, the link between herbage growth rate and frequency of defoliation of leaves can be broken by controlling the grazing interval, so any decrease in herbage growth would not be systematically associated with a decrease in efficiency of harvesting of herbage. Rotational stocking should be more efficient than continuous stocking in low herbage production conditions, while in high herbage production systems rotational and continuous stocking would have similar efficiency. The implications of these conclusions for the management of swards and pastures to meet different objectives are discussed briefly.  相似文献   

Establishment of warm‐season grasses in summer and damage in winter under supplementary irrigation in a semi‐arid environment at high elevation in western United States of America     

J. G. Robins  K. B. Jensen  M. D. Peel  B. L. Waldron 《Grass and Forage Science》2009,64(1):42-48

As with other areas of the world, herbage production of cool‐season grasses in irrigated semi‐arid areas of the western USA at high elevation declines during summer. The use of warm‐season grasses during this period could be a possible way to ameliorate this decline in herbage production. The ability of twenty‐one grass cultivars, representing seven warm‐season grass species, to establish in the summer of 2005, as measured by stand frequency and herbage production, the potential for damage in winter under irrigated conditions in 2005–2006 and the stand frequency in 2006 at two sites in semi‐arid environments of the western USA was compared with that of a cultivar of each of six cool‐season grass species. Some warm‐season grass species, including switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), showed potential for use in this environment, based on their similar herbage production in 2005 and similar values of stand frequency in 2005 and 2006 to that of cool‐season grasses. All the cultivars of the warm‐season grass species suffered greater winter damage than did the cultivars of the cool‐season species. The higher winter damage to the species of warm‐season grasses did not correspond with a lower stand frequency in the second year.  相似文献   

The microbiological and chemical composition of silage over the course of fermentation in round bales relative to that of silage made from unchopped and precision-chopped herbage in laboratory silos     

J. McEniry†  P. O'Kiely  N. J. W. Clipson†  P. D. Forristal‡  E. M. Doyle† 《Grass and Forage Science》2008,63(3):407-420

The composition of baled silage frequently differs from that of comparable conventional silage. A factorial experiment was conducted with three wilting treatments (0, 24 or 48 h) × three ensiling systems [unchopped grass in bales, unchopped grass in laboratory silos (LS), precision-chopped grass in LS] × six stages of ensiling to (i) confirm that the fermentation of unchopped grass in LS could be used as an adequate model for baled silage fermentation, (ii) quantify the differences between baled silage and silage made from precision-chopped herbage across a range of dry-matter contents and (c) quantify the fermentation dynamics within the various treatments. The onset of fermentation as evidenced by the accumulation of fermentation products and the decline in pH were slower ( P  < 0·05) in baled silage compared with silage made from precision-chopped herbage. Furthermore the pH ( P  < 0·001) and overall concentration of fermentation acids ( P  < 0·01) were lower while ammonia-N concentration was generally higher in baled silage, making it more conducive to the activities of Clostridia , Enterobacteria and yeast. Numbers of Enterobacteria were higher ( P  < 0·001) in baled silage in the early stages of ensilage and persisted in baled silage at the end of the storage period. The implications of a slower onset of fermentation in baled herbage are greater in farm practice, as the fermentation would be further restricted by a more extensive wilting of the herbage prior to ensiling.  相似文献   

内蒙古地区牧草种子播期田间温度条件的研究     

王丽娟  李青丰  李继伟  吕志男  胡杨 《干旱区资源与环境》2009,(11)

研究了内蒙古地区的气温及土壤温度变化情况对牧草种子播期选择的影响。通过对内蒙古呼和浩特地区4至8月的气温及不同土层处温度的测定和研究,建立了气温与不同土壤播层温度的预测关系式。研究结果表明:确定牧草种子适宜播种时期的温度限制因子不仅仅是低温,高温的限制作用可能更为严重。因此,建议在内蒙古呼和浩特地区进行牧草种子播种期的选择,要考虑到高温对种子萌发及成苗的影响。对内蒙古其他地区,也可根据当地气温测定值,利用预测公式进行估算不同时间的播层温度,以确定牧草最佳播种时期。  相似文献   

小黑麦饲草品质性状的配合力分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王瑞清  闫志顺  李诚  邵红雨  李春艳  曹连莆 《新疆农业科学》2007,44(6):881-884

利用Griffing完全双列杂交方法Ⅱ,对小黑麦6个亲本的粗蛋白、粗灰分、粗脂肪、粗纤维、水分和无氮浸出物6个饲草品质性状的配合力进行研究,结果表明:SD04-1、新小黑麦1号的一般配合力较好,可作为改良饲草品质的骨干亲本,新小黑麦1号×新小黑麦3号、04草鉴3×新小黑麦4号、04草鉴3×H03-7这3个组合的SCA效应值在饲草品质的4个性状上均表现正向效应,可作为优质育种的重点组合.  相似文献   

人工种草与科尔沁沙地农业发展前景   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

谢建华  玉兰 《内蒙古草业》2000,(3):25-28

本研究以7年制粮草轮作形式,自1985－1991年,在科尔沁沙地中南部风沙土地区,探讨了种草养地,养畜,提高农业,发展牧业的关系,结果表明,在一个轮作周期中,人工种草年hm^2鲜草13350．15kg,粮食平均每hm^2产5827．35kg,可饲用牧草和秸秆量2513．5kg,分别比对照增产123．97％,109．5％和103．76％,载畜量可提高一倍,同时,饲草和粮食生产成本下降50％。试验表明,种植豆科牧草是一项养地,兴农,促牧的生物养地措施,也是符合高产,高效,低成本现代农业的要求,是科尔沁沙地值得提倡和推广,并具有发展潜力的好办法。  相似文献   

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing     

Dorothee Ebeling  Bettina Tonn  Johannes Isselstein 《Grass and Forage Science》2020,75(4):398-408

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.  相似文献