淡水蚌类发生与发育研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈修报  杨健 《中国水产科学》2011,18(4):944-952

淡水蚌类是水域生物多样性的重要组成部分,对水体的物质循环和能量流动起着巨大的作用,且具有较高的营养、经济和生态价值.由于栖息环境的改变、过度捕捞、水体污染、缺少寄生鱼和受到外来物种的入侵,其资源状况不容乐观.而且它们繁殖生物学具有特殊,生活周期较长,这就给全面把握其完整生活史带来困难.本文综述了国内外有关淡水蚌类配子的发生、胚胎发育、寄生,稚蚌、幼蚌以及成蚌的生长发育研究的最新进展,旨在总体上了解其生活史全过程的特点及繁殖生物学意义,从而为淡水蚌类资源保护和增殖以及生物指示物的开发提供参考.  相似文献   

Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nicholas K Dulvy  Jim R Ellis  Nicholas B Goodwin  Alastair Grant  John D Reynolds  & Simon Jennings 《Fish and Fisheries》2004,5(3):255-276

The decline and disappearance of species from large parts of their former geographical range has become an important issue in fisheries ecology. There is a need to identify which species are at risk of extinction. The available approaches have been subject to considerable debate – particularly when applied to commercially exploited species. Here we have compiled methods that have been used or may be used for assessing threat status of marine organisms. We organize the methods according to the availability of data on the natural history, ecology and population biology of species. There are three general approaches to inferring or assessing extinction risk: (i) correlative approaches based on knowledge of life histories and ecology; (ii) time‐series approaches that examine changes in abundance; and (iii) demographic approaches based on age‐ or stage‐based schedules of vital rates and fisheries reference points. Many methods are well suited to species that are highly catchable and/or have relatively low productivity, but theory is less well developed for assessing extinction risk in species exhibiting narrow geographical distributions or ecological specialization. There is considerable variation in both definitions of extinction risk and the precision and defensibility of the available risk assessment methods, so we suggest a two‐tiered approach for defining and assessing extinction risk. First, simple methods requiring a few easily estimated parameters are used to triage or rapidly assess large numbers of populations and species to identify potentially vulnerable populations or species. Second, the populations and species identified as vulnerable by this process can then be subject to more detailed and rigorous population analysis explicitly considering sources of error and uncertainty.  相似文献   

褐藻羊栖菜繁殖生物学特征和生活史流程的补充研究     

林立东  尚天歌  张甜甜  王彩霞  陈斌斌  吴明江  马增岭 《水产学报》2020,44(4):581-595

以温州市洞头区人工养殖羊栖菜和野生羊栖菜为研究样本,详细描述了羊栖菜成熟孢子体有性生殖,假根与侧生枝无性生殖的繁殖生物学特征和生活史流程。详细记录了羊栖菜卵、精子和受精卵的减数分裂和有丝分裂过程,假根、茎(主茎和侧生茎)、叶(气囊)和生殖托(雌托和雄托)等4类器官生长、发育和分化过程,胚、幼孢子体和成熟孢子体形态结构特征。在此基础上对现有羊栖菜繁殖生物学特征及生活史流程进行了补充和修正,增加了羊栖菜侧生枝无性生殖和羊栖菜幼孢子体期有性生殖的相关内容,并重新绘制了羊栖菜生活史流程图。该研究结果将为开展羊栖菜养殖生态学研究,深层次解析羊栖菜生殖节律、种群繁衍与环境关系奠定基础。  相似文献   

Life-history variation in relation to nest site abundance in males of the freshwater goby Tridentiger brevispinis     

Daisuke Takahashi 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2008,17(1):71-77

Abstract –  Age at maturity in males of the freshwater goby Tridentiger brevispinis , a species with exclusive paternal care, was investigated in two populations in Lake Biwa, Japan, that differed markedly in nest site abundance. At Ohmi-maiko, where nest sites were scarce, most males matured at age 3, and mean body size of males guarding eggs in nests was larger than that of males sampled randomly (including both guarding and nonguarding males) in the population. Conversely, at Minamihama, where nest sites were abundant, many males matured at age 1, and there was no difference in body size between guarding males and males collected randomly. The slope of regression lines between body size of the guarding male and the number of eggs in his nest was greater in Ohmi-maiko than in Minamihama. These results suggest that the shortage of nest sites enhances reproductive success in larger males, probably through male–male competition for nest sites and female mate choice for larger males. I conclude that in nest spawners, the availability of nest sites should strongly affect life-history traits of males through sexual selection.  相似文献   

云南松毛虫在芒市思茅松林区的发生规律及防治方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

彭琴君  杨常忠  克买义  尹国绍  周平阳 《林业调查规划》2014,39(5):32-35

云南松毛虫是松类树种的重要食叶害虫。芒市为云南省松毛虫偶发区。阐述云南松毛虫的生物学特性及生活史。分析云南松毛虫的发生与气象因子、地貌环境、立地条件等环境因素的关系以及发生发展规律,提出监测、生物和化学防治、物理和人工防治、营林技术防治等防治措施。  相似文献   

紫菜的生殖与生活史研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王娟  戴继勋  张义听  杨堃峰  赵瑞祯 《中国水产科学》2006,13(2):322-327

紫菜（Porphyra sp．）是目前世界上人工养殖海藻中经济价值较高的种类。紫菜通过不同的生殖方式来完成生活史，从而达到繁衍后代的目的。紫菜的生殖主要有无性生殖和有性生殖，单性生殖是一种特殊的有性生殖。紫菜生殖方式的多样性决定了生活史的多样性，这是进化过程中对不同环境做出的不同反应。紫菜的生殖和生活史受基因控制属遗传基础研究，它对紫菜的育种应用起着重要的指导作用。本文对紫菜生殖和生活史的研究状况以及研究中存在的问题进行评述，旨为紫菜的育种的研究和应用提供理论参考。  相似文献   

黄土高原不同封育年限草地土壤与植物根系的生态化学计量特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

赵晓单  曾全超  安韶山  方瑛  马任甜 《土壤学报》2016,53(6):1541-1551

黄土高原特别是干草原地区植被演替的研究比较薄弱。当前植物生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在植物叶片方面,对根系的研究较少。选取宁夏云雾山草原植被不同封育年限的土壤和植物样品,以生态化学计量学原理为基础,测定并分析了土壤与根系的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量比与相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着封育年限的增加,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤有机碳和全氮变异性较大,全磷变异性较小,且封育初期土壤有机碳和全氮含量先降后升,至封育20、30年,保持相对平稳。0~20 cm土层土壤的碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)、氮磷比(N∶P)分别为9.04~9.63、19.62~32.27、2.14~3.37,20~40 cm土层土壤的分别为8.68~9.22、15.74~26.32、1.80~3.03。土壤有机碳与全氮、全磷之间存在极显著的正相关。(2)植物根系C、N、P含量变化范围分别为357.6~381.4 g kg-1、7.35~8.18 g kg-1、0.54~0.70 g kg-1;根系中的C元素含量随封育年限的增加逐渐升高,N、P元素含量均小于全球平均值。根系C∶N随着封育年限的增加变异性较大,C∶P、N∶P随着封育年限的增加变异性较小。(3)植物根系的C∶N∶P化学计量特征受土壤的影响调控大于其自身,且土壤磷含量对植物根系C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征影响的显著性(p0.01)大于土壤氮含量(p0.05)。此外,该地区封禁后,草地生产力易受到土壤N含量的限制。  相似文献   

先锋植物沙棘Ⅲ——生活史分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

林美珍  张吉科  张国伟  张小民 《国际沙棘研究与开发》2006,4(4):1-7

就沙棘生态习性,应归属r-型生态对策型。沙棘的生活史具两型性(有性和无性繁殖),是对有限资源权衡利用与分配在生命维持-生长-繁殖-扩散上的不均衡结果,是长期自然选择,进化的结果。固氮与克隆生长有利与扩大了r-型生态对策。雌雄异株的进化,避免了近交衰退和提高了沙棘的适合度。沙棘的花序分化受多种同源异型基因调控,而性别决定则受Y性染色体上性基因连锁决定。沙棘繁殖力很高,但衰老较快,是一种生命期(20年左右)较短的灌木。  相似文献   

Are survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus (Annelida: Enchytraeidae) at risk by feeding on Bt-maize litter?     

Linda Hnemann  Wolfgang Nentwig 《European Journal of Soil Biology》2009,45(4):351-355

Enchytraeids are saprophagous soil organisms, appearing in high abundances and contributing to ecological processes within the soil. For decades they have been used as model species for biological research. In the framework of research on genetically modified plants, however, they have not been considered to date. Following the ISO/DIS guideline, survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus, fed with diets containing Bt-maize (N4640Bt Cry1Ab, DKC5143Bt Cry3Bb1) leaf material were analysed. For comparison, diets with the corresponding untransformed near-isolines (N4640, DKC5143) were examined. Additionally a high quality control diet (oat flakes) was included. Survival and reproduction showed no significant differences between the Cry3Bb1 treatment and the treatment with the untransformed counterpart. For the Cry1Ab treatment survival was significantly higher than for the treatment with the corresponding near-isoline. In contrast, reproduction was significantly lower for the Cry1Ab treatment compared to that for the isoline. For the Cry3Bb1 treatment, no effect was shown on survival or reproduction. For the Cry1Ab variety and its untransformed counterpart, a contrasting result was detected, which is unlikely to be caused by the Bt-protein but rather by differences in other plant components. Overall survival and reproduction were highest for the control.  相似文献   

小麦根系生理研究现状及展望   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

贺德先  王晨阳  杨青华  马元喜  余松烈  胡廷积 《河南农业大学学报》2000,34(4):329-333

在大量阅读国内外有关文献的基础上,阐述了小麦根系生理研究的意义、历史和现状,并对其研究前景提出了见解。  相似文献