World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting lice, sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants     

Holdsworth PA  Vercruysse J  Rehbein S  Peter RJ  Letonja T  Green P;World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology 《Veterinary parasitology》2006,136(1):45-54

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.  相似文献   

Does the AquasmartTM feeding system reduce sea louse [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer)] infestation on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in winter?     

A R Lyndon  & J P G Toovey 《Aquaculture Research》2000,31(11):843-847

Infections of sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer)] were studied over winter on a working, commercial salmon farm in relation to two types of feeding system: a regular, pneumatic spray feeder and an irregular, ‘demand feed’ sensor system (Aquasmart^TM). Contrary to prediction, the Aquasmart^TM system alone had no significant effect on chalimus infestation compared with fish fed by pneumatic spray. However, it was associated with significantly reduced numbers of mobile stages, both at the beginning of the study (P < 0.05) and, more particularly, in conjunction with treatment of all pens using hydrogen peroxide (P < 0.001). It is suggested that feeding regime may represent a useful tool in reducing lice infestation when co‐ordinated with other methods of control, such as peroxide treatment, and that further work in this field is merited.  相似文献   

Evaluation of sea lice abundance levels on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) located in the Broughton Archipelago of British Columbia from 2003 to 2005   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Sonja Saksida  Joanne Constantine  Grace A. Karreman  & Alan Donald 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(3):219-231

Salmon farming began in British Columbia (BC) in the 1970s and in 2006, aquaculture represented BC's largest agricultural export. Along with this growth in production has been a growth in controversy, including the concern that sea lice originating from Atlantic salmon farms negatively impact wild juvenile pink salmon in the Broughton Archipelago. To understand the dynamic interaction between wild and farmed fish, data for on‐farm abundance of sea lice are required. In this study, 33 000 Atlantic salmon from 20 active farms were examined over 3 years. Two species of lice were found: Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus clemensi. Inter‐annual and seasonal variations in abundance levels occurred with lower levels of L. salmonis in 2003 compared with 2004 and 2005, while C. clemensi levels were highest in 2003. The abundance of L. salmonis was greater on older farmed fish. The findings are compared with European and eastern Canadian sea lice reports, and possible sources of sea lice on farmed salmon are discussed.  相似文献   

The effect of artificial light treatment and depth on the infestation of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) culture     

E. M. Hevry  K. Boxaspen  F. Oppedal  G. L. Taranger  J. C. Holm 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2003,220(1-4):1-14

Two field studies were carried out with farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in sea cages to examine various effects of artificial light (AL) and the vertical distribution of salmon on lice infestation.

The use of AL light caused an overall increase in lice infestation in both experiments. The first study showed that salmon held at 0–4 m depth in cages developed higher infestation than salmon held at greater depths (4–8 and 8–12 m) under both natural light (NL) and AL. In the second study, salmon maintained in 14-m deep sea cages that were exposed to AL with different light intensities. The AL treatments resulted directly in different diel and seasonal patterns of vertical distribution of the salmon and also different temporal patterns in lice infestations. So indirectly the infestation pattern appeared to be correlated with median day-time swimming depth of the salmon.  相似文献   

Quantifying key parameters related to the life cycle of Caligus rogercresseyi     

Jaewoon Jeong  Gregor F. McEwan  Gabriel Arriagada  Cristian Gallardo-Escrate  Crawford W. Revie 《Journal of fish diseases》2022,45(1):219-224

The salmon louse Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall and Bravo 2000) is a common ectoparasite of farmed salmonids in Chile. Sea lice can negatively impact the growth of hosts, adversely affecting aquaculture productivity. Unlike Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1838), whose life cycle parameters have been well studied due to its importance in the Northern Hemisphere, for C. rogercresseyi no single source exists that quantifies the parameters required to model this ectoparasite's life cycle. Given that different species of sea lice have substantially different biological characteristics, it is important to parameterize the life cycle of C. rogercresseyi using appropriate observational data, rather than simply trying to adapt parameters developed for L. salmonis. Using data from existing literature, we quantified the development and survival rates for each stage in the C. rogercresseyi life cycle. We illustrate how development rates are affected by water temperature and explore the important impacts of salinity on rates of survival. We present equations that can be used to model development periods and survival proportions given certain water temperature and salinity profiles. While key parameters to quantitatively model the life cycle of C. rogercresseyi are presented, further research is required to adequately model the complete population dynamics of this ectoparasite on Chilean salmon farms and consequently to support decision-making to achieve effective control and mitigation.  相似文献   

Treatment of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) infected with Gyrodactylus cyclopteri (Scyborskaya 1948)          下载免费PDF全文

M Pietrak  S Backman 《Journal of fish diseases》2018,41(4):721-723

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Determination of knockdown resistance allele frequencies in global human head louse populations using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction     

Hilliary E Hodgdon  Kyong Sup Yoon  Domenic J Previte  Hyo Jeong Kim  Gamal E Aboelghar  Si Hyeock Lee  J Marshall Clark 《Pest management science》2010,66(9):1031-1040

BACKGROUND: Pediculosis is the most prevalent parasitic infestation of humans. Resistance to pyrethrin‐ and pyrethroid‐based pediculicides is due to knockdown (kdr)‐type point mutations in the voltage‐sensitive sodium channel α‐subunit gene. Early detection of resistance is crucial for the selection of effective management strategies. RESULTS: Kdr allele frequencies of lice from 14 countries were determined using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction. Lice collected from Uruguay, the United Kingdom and Australia had kdr allele frequencies of 100%, while lice from Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, South Korea and Thailand had kdr allele frequencies of 0%. The remaining seven countries investigated, including seven US populations, two Argentinian populations and populations from Brazil, Denmark, Czech Republic, Egypt and Israel, displayed variable kdr allele frequencies, ranging from 11 to 97%. CONCLUSION: The newly developed and validated SISAR method is suitable for accurate monitoring of kdr allele frequencies in head lice. Proactive management is needed where kdr‐type resistance is not yet saturated. Based on sodium channel insensitivity and its occurrence in louse populations resistant to pyrethrin‐ and pyrethroid‐based pediculicides, the T917I mutation appears to be a key marker for resistance. Results from the Egyptian population, however, indicate that phenotypic resistance of lice with single or double mutations (M815I and/or L920F) should also be determined. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

A note on sea lice abundance on farmed Atlantic salmon in Scotland 2011–2013: significant regional and seasonal variation          下载免费PDF全文

Alexander G Murray 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(3):961-968

Sea lice are the most economically damaging parasite affecting marine Atlantic salmon production the dominant sector of UK aquaculture. The Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation has published mean adult female lice abundance for four regions for 2011–2013 and for 30 areas in 2013. An analysis of these data shows that sea lice abundance is highly seasonal with values lowest in the first half of the year. Abundance also varies by region, the regional patterns vary from year‐to‐year but overall the highest abundance was found in the northern part of mainland Scotland. While most areas had low lice abundance, in a few areas the abundance was persistently above average; these areas were clustered together. There was no significant year‐on‐year trend in lice abundance, and trends appear to vary between regions. Although previous Scottish analyses have been carried out using data from a large company, this analysis cover 95% of production in all salmon farming regions of Scotland and it can be extended as more data become available.  相似文献   

Modelling salmon lice,Lepeophtheirus salmonis,reproduction on farmed Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L     

M Stormoen  E Skjerve  A Aunsmo 《Journal of fish diseases》2013,36(1):25-33

The aim of this study was to model sea lice levels and the effect on reproduction by a stochastic simulation model and to evaluate the uncertainty of lice estimates based upon counts. Two empirical data sets were examined to parameterize the models. An overall fit of the data to the Poisson distribution was found and thus was used as the base of the stochastic models. In the model, salmon lice reproduction is not linear with the number of adult females and at low lice loads a smaller proportion of the adult female lice will reproduce. Depending on the variance structure, it was estimated that between 40% and 60% of the adult female lice will reproduce at an abundance of 0.5 adult females per fish. Lice counts, especially when examining few fish at low lice loads, are uncertain and at a true abundance of 0.1 one may count between 0 and 5 lice when examining 10 fish. Understanding the dynamics of sea lice reproduction is a key factor in the development of sustainable control strategies.  相似文献   

Influence of different materials on the concentration of delousing agents in sea water during bioassays     

K O Helgesen  T E Horsberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2013,36(5):529-532

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