Varietal difference in radiocesium uptake and transfer from radiocesium deposited soils in the genus Amaranthus     

Takuro Shinano  Toshihiro Watanabe  Qingnan Chu  Mitsuru Osaki  Daisuke Kobayashi  Toshiyasu Okouchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):809-817

Abstract

Within Amaranthaceae, 33 different varieties, including local varieties from Japan, were grown in 2012 in a field in the town of Iino in the Fukushima prefecture, which is located approximately 51 km north of Tokyo Electric Power Company, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP). The contamination level of the soil was 2770 ± 140 Bq kg^?1 dry weight (¹³⁴Cesium (Cs) + ¹³⁷Cs, average ± SE), and the field was also cultivated in 2011. There was a significant varietal difference in the dry weight production, radiocesium accumulation and transfer factor (TF) of radiocesium from the soil to the plant. The ratio of the lowest TF to the highest TF was approximately 3. Because the ratio of ¹³⁷Cs to ¹³³Cs was significantly positive, radiocesium seems to be absorbed in a manner similar to that of ¹³³Cs. It is suggested that the varietal difference in the behavior of radiocesium uptake mainly depends on its genetic background rather than on environmental factors.  相似文献   

An agar nutrient solution technique as a screening tool for tolerance to zinc deficiency and iron toxicity in rice     

《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):744-750

Abstract

Studies examining iron (Fe) toxicity and zinc (Zn) deficiency in rice have shown that screening experiments in nutrient solutions are of limited use because the rankings of genotypes as tolerant or intolerant can be very different from the results obtained in field-screening experiments. A possible reason for such deviation is that crucial rhizosphere processes cannot be reproduced in nutrient solutions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of low-concentration agar nutrient solutions (ANS) as an alternative screening tool. Agar was dissolved in boiling water and mixed with nutrient solution to achieve a final agar concentration of 0.1% (w/v). Zinc deficiency was induced by supplying Zn at a low concentration (0.1 × 10^?3 µmol L^?1), while Fe toxicity was induced by supplying excess Fe²⁺ (200 mg L^?1). Three-week-old seedlings were transplanted into this medium. Symptoms of Zn deficiency and Fe toxicity developed more rapidly in ANS compared with conventional nutrient solutions (CNS). For Zn deficiency this was probably because of the development of Zn depletion zones as a result of the reduced convection in the viscous agar medium. In the case of Fe toxicity we observed far less Fe precipitation in ANS compared with CNS. Genotypic comparisons showed that the tolerance rankings obtained in ANS were very similar to the field tolerance rankings, whereas this was not the case in CNS. This was particularly evident with regard to the considerable root growth inhibition detected in intolerant genotypes when stress treatments were imposed in ANS.  相似文献   

Long-Term Phosphorus Desorption Using Dialysis Membrane Tubes Filled with Iron Hydroxide and its Effect on Phosphorus Pools     

A. M. Taddesse  A. S. Claassens  P. C. de Jager 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1507-1522

Many agricultural fields that have received long-term applications of phosphorus (P) often contain levels of P exceeding those required for optimal crop production. Knowledge of the effect of the P remaining in the soil (residual effect) is of great importance for fertilization management. Plant P availability of residual P in soils is usually estimated using successive cropping experiments carried out in field or greenhouse studies. As this approach is very expensive and time consuming, more rapid soil test methods that can approximate this biological measure are required. The objective of this paper was to use a different approach to evaluate P availability (desorption) over a long period of time instead of the classical means of extraction. Thus, a modified sequential P extraction procedure using dialysis membrane tube filled with ferric hydrate solution (DMT-HFO) was used on the long-term P fertilized soils that received differential P treatments (PoLo, P₁L₁ and P₂L₁) to determine the changes in the different P pools and to relate these P fractions with maize yield. In this study, the contribution of both the labile and non-labile Pi fractions in replenishing the solution Pi was significant where as the organic fractions appeared to have limited contributions in replenishing the solution P. Highly significant correlations were observed between dry matter yield and the P pools extracted by HFO-P_i (0.997*), HCO₃-P_i (r = 0.994**), OH-P_i (r = 0.969**), OH-P_o (r = 0.944**), D/HCl-Pi (0.991**), and C/HCl-P_i (r = 0.997**). Strongly significant correlations were also observed between the different P fractions and plant P uptake. The C/HCl-Pi was the fraction that decreased most especially for the high P treatments indicating that this fraction contributed significantly to the P extracted by DMT-HFO. This suggested that this fraction might be a buffer to more labile P fractions. The combined method employed here could act as an analytical tool to approximate successive cropping experiments carried out under green house condition. But the applicability of this method at a field level should also be assessed. Data from a wider range of soils is also needed to evaluate the universality of this method.  相似文献   

Selection and characterization of wheat genotypes for saline soils prone to water‐logging     

Muhammad Saqib  Javaid Akhtar  Riaz Hussain Qureshi  Muhammad Nasim 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2013,176(2):131-137

Wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) genotypes were screened and characterized for performance under salt stress and/or water‐logging. In a solution‐culture study, ten wheat genotypes were tested under control, 200 mM–NaCl salt stress and 4‐week water‐logging (nonaerated solution stagnated with 0.1% agar), alone or in combination. Shoot and root growth of the wheat genotypes was reduced by salinity and salinity × water‐logging, which was associated with increased leaf Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations as well as decreased leaf K⁺ concentration and K⁺ : Na⁺ ratio. The genotypes differed significantly for their growth and leaf ionic composition. The genotypes Aqaab and MH‐97 were selected as salinity×water‐logging‐resistant and sensitive wheat genotypes, respectively, on the basis of their shoot fresh weights in the salinity × water‐logging treatment relative to control. In a soil experiment, the effect of water‐logging was tested for these two genotypes under nonsaline (EC = 2.6 dS m^–1) and saline (EC = 15 dS m^–1) soil conditions. The water‐logging was imposed for a period of 21 d at various growth stages, i.e., tillering, stem elongation, booting, and grain filling alone or in combinations. The maximum reduction in grain yield was observed after water‐logging at stem‐elongation + grain‐filling stages followed by water‐logging at grain‐filling stage, booting stage, and stem‐elongation stage, respectively. Salinity intensified the effect of water‐logging at all the growth stages. It is concluded that the existing genetic variation in wheat for salinity × water‐logging resistance can be successfully explored using relative shoot fresh weight as a selection criterion in nonaerated 0.1% agar–containing nutrient solution and that irrigation in the field should be scheduled to avoid temporary water‐logging at the sensitive stages of wheat growth.  相似文献   

40种植物甲醇提取物的杀螺活性研究   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20       下载免费PDF全文

骆悦  曾鑫年  居建华  张帅  吴素贞 《植物保护》2005,31(1):31-34

对40种药用或有毒植物甲醇提取物的室内杀螺活性测定结果表明:木荷、黄姜、博落回等3种植物提取物在浓度为100mg/L时,浸杀福寿螺幼螺48h,死亡率为100%;50mg/L时,浸杀72h,死亡率为98.28%以上。其中木荷、博落回对福寿螺有良好的抑制上爬作用,具有进一步研究价值。  相似文献   

铁皮石斛黑斑病菌室内药效试验   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

张敬泽  方钰蓉  张海松  程方民 《植物保护》2005,31(1):44-47

通过供试的18种药剂对铁皮石斛黑斑病菌体外抑制作用测试结果表明,除克菌特外,所有药剂对其孢子萌发都有显著的抑制作用,其中代森锰锌、易保、代森锌和炭疽福美可完全抑制孢子萌发,霉克特、扑海英、使百克、新太生、甲基托布津和世高对孢子萌发有较强烈的抑制作用。与对照比较,克菌特促进孢子萌发率高于对照23.34%,克菌特和庄园乐都能促进芽管生长。18种药剂对石斛黑斑病菌菌丝体的抑制作用测定结果显示,所有药剂对菌丝生长都有显著的抑制作用,其中使百克和世高对菌丝体抑制效果最好,抑菌率都达91.28%,其次是施佳乐、福星和扑海英。  相似文献   

超级稻品种(材料)抗病虫性的鉴定   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

沈君辉  毛雪琴  孙国昌  刘光杰  程式华 《植物保护》2002,28(3):9-11

通过室内接虫接菌方法 ,对38份超级稻品种 (材料 )进行了抗白背飞虱、褐飞虱、稻瘟病和白叶枯病鉴定。筛选出对白背飞虱、褐飞虱和白叶枯病中抗以上的品种(材料)分别为13、5、15和18份 ,其中三抗的有R527、E18和Ps-32A3个品种 (材料 ) ,四抗的有超丰占和R2812个品种 (材料 )。  相似文献   

我国玉米螟防治技术研究概况   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

陈元生 《杂粮作物》2001,21(4):36-38

综述了我国玉米螟防治技术的研究历史、现状及进展，着重介绍了抗螟育种、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治和农业措施防治玉米螟的研究进展，并讨论了我国玉米螟防治技术中存在的问题及发展方向。  相似文献   

Comparative susceptibility of some potato cultivars to dry rot caused byFusarium sulphureum andF. solani var.coeruleum     

R. L. Wastie  Helen E. Stewart  J. Brown 《Potato Research》1989,32(1):49-55

Summary The susceptibility of 15 potato cultivars to dry rot caused byFusarium sulphureum andf. solani var.coeruleum was examined over 8 years. Tubers were wounded, inoculated, incubated at 10°C for 7–8 weeks and the size of the rot assessed.F. sulphureum was the more aggressive species. There was little correlation between the rank order of susceptibility of the cultivars to the two pathogens, but a higly significant correlation between years. Two years' tests are deemed sufficient to assess susceptibility to both species.  相似文献   

低浓度挥发性酚测定结果准确度提高方法探讨     

宋瑞强 《现代农业科技》2015,(13)

4-氨基安替比林分光光度法是低浓度挥发性酚测定的通用方法。通过降低试验空白值、增加水样体积、使用长光程比色皿、加入标准溶液、回归曲线强制过原点等手段可大幅提高低浓度挥发性酚测定结果的准确度。  相似文献