不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展     

陈沫  臧长江  陈晖  雒秋江  李凤鸣  潘榕 《中国畜牧兽医》2018,45(5):1203-1210

表面活性剂是一种新型的反刍动物饲料添加剂,根据表面活性剂的分子结构,可将其分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性离子型和非离子型表面活性剂,其作用机理是通过改变瘤胃微生物种群数量进而增加瘤胃内源性酶的分泌量、分泌酶活性或促进酶与底物之间的相互作用,改变瘤胃发酵模式,提高瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。作者主要综述了表面活性剂的分类及几种常见的表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的影响,其中包括非离子型（吐温、烷基多糖苷、茶皂素）、两性离子型（甜菜碱、大豆磷脂）和阴离子型（十二烷基苯磺酸钠、磺基丁二酸钠二辛酯）;介绍了日粮中添加不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃微生物种群数量、内源酶活、发酵产物等影响,为新型表面活性剂的开发和表面活性剂在反刍动物日粮中的合理应用提供参考依据。  相似文献   

添加不同水平糖蜜对全株“张杂谷”青贮体外瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质降解率的影响     

吴金彩  刘婷婷  岳春旺  郭金双  赵治海  范光宇  郝峰勇  孔祥浩  孙茂红 《中国畜牧兽医》2018,45(10):2752-2760

本试验旨在研究添加不同水平糖蜜对全株"张杂谷"青贮发酵特性及其营养物质降解率的影响。选用3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管且体况相近的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,在全株"张杂谷"青贮中分别添加0（对照组）、2%、4%和6%糖蜜,室温条件下贮存60 d,评定添加糖蜜对全株"张杂谷"青贮品质的影响。结果显示,①4%糖蜜组干物质（DM）含量显著高于2%、6%糖蜜组（P<0.05）,但与对照组间差异不显著（P>0.05）;各组间粗蛋白质（CP）含量无显著差异（P>0.05）;4%糖蜜组中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量显著低于对照组及2%糖蜜组（P<0.05）,酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量显著低于其他组（P<0.05）。②添加4%糖蜜后干物质消失率（DMD）显著高于对照组及2%糖蜜组（P<0.05）;4%糖蜜组粗蛋白质消失率（CPD）、中性洗涤纤维消失率（NDFD）显著高于对照组及6%糖蜜组（P<0.05）,酸性洗涤纤维降解率（ADFD）含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。③与对照组相比,添加糖蜜组代谢能（ME）、泌乳净能（NE_L）和72 h总产气量（GP_{72 h}）升高（P>0.05）;添加4%糖蜜组产气量达到理论最大产气量的1/2时的时间（C）显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。④添加糖蜜组发酵液pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、微生物蛋白（MCP）、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、非生糖类挥发酸与生糖类挥发酸比例（NGR）、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸及支链脂肪酸与对照组均无显著差异（P>0.05）,其中4%糖蜜组各项发酵指标均较好。综上所述,本研究条件下,糖蜜最适添加水平为4%。  相似文献   

Ruminal,cardiorespiratory and adrenocortical sequelae of Na2EDTA-induced hypocalcaemia in calves     

D. J. -M. Desmecht  A. S. Linden  P. M. Lekeux 《Veterinary research communications》1996,20(1):47-60

A study was undertaken to provide further information on the ruminal, cardiorespiratory and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPAC) physiological sequelae of hypocalcaemia in dairy calves.The functional picture observed in standing calves experiencing Na₂EDTA-induced progressive hypocalcaemia showed a biphasic pattern. During the first phase (Ca²⁺ varying between 1.20±0.09 and 0.64±0.15 mmol/L, mean±SD), the animals became dull and lethargic, shifting their weight from one hind limb to the other, with cool extremities and hypersalivation. Their ventilation was slightly increased but their heart rate, thoracoabdominal pressure, pulmonary mechanics, haemoglobin and temperature remained constant. Conversely, their systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and the amplitude of their ruminal contractions (RCA) were severely decreased. During the second phase (Ca²⁺ <0.64±0.15 mmol/L), there was restlessness, tachycardia, hypertension, polycythaemia and, finally, inability to stay upright. It is suggested that the diminished Ca²⁺ availability caused smooth-muscle and myocardial dysfunctions which could explain the RCA and SAP changes recorded during the first phase, whereas neural and/or humoral sympathetic discharge probably accounted for the reversal in SAP and heart rate when Ca²⁺ was decreased further. Serum cortisol increased regularly and remained significantly correlated with Ca²⁺ in each animal. Moreover, regression of cortisol/Ca²⁺ on Ca²⁺/ Na₂EDTA was significant (p0.001).It was concluded that mild asymptomatic hypocalcaemia severely impairs ruminal function, which will progressively worsen the Ca²⁺ deficit; that the inability to maintain posture in hypocalcaemia is not due to hypotension; and that the higher the HPAC response to hypocalcaemia, the higher the resistance to its effects. An asymptomatic periparturient cow with barely detectable ruminal activity may merit preventive calcium borogluconate therapy. Also, the physiological role of hypotension in explaining the clinical picture may be less important than other processes, such as neuromuscular failure. Finally, the present results imply a possible HPAC exhaustion in cows with periparturient paretic hypocalcaemia.Abbreviations A-aDO₂ alveolar-arterial O₂ difference - AVP arginin vasopressin - C _Ldyn dynamic lung compliance - ECG electrocardiogram - EEZF end expiratory zero flow - Hb_TOT total haemoglobin content - HPAC hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical - HR heart rate - Na₂EDTA disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate - O_2CT total O₂ content - P _aCO₂ arterial CO₂ tension - P _aO₂ arterial O₂ tension - PH periparturient hypocalcaemia - P _pl pleural pressure - P _ru intraruminal pressure - PTH parathyroid hormone - P_TOT plasma total protein - RCA amplitude of ruminal contraction - RCD duration of ruminal contraction - RCF frequency of ruminal contraction - R _L total pulmonary resistance - RR respiratory rate - SAP systemic arterial pressure - T _E expiratory time - T _I inspiratory time - T _p core temperature - V respiratory airflow - V _E minute volume - V _T tidal volume  相似文献   

饲粮中燕麦干草含量对绵羊瘤胃液pH及微生物区系的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周瑞  赵生国  刘立山  王川  吴建平 《动物营养学报》2016,(5):1589-1597

本试验旨在研究饲粮燕麦干草含量对绵羊瘤胃液p H及微生物区系的影响。选取9只体况和体重[(70.32±2.14)kg]相近、装有永久性瘘管的德国美利奴与蒙古羊杂种公羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,随机分为3组,每组3只,各组分别采用全株玉米青贮、全株玉米青贮+燕麦干草(1∶1)(混合组)、燕麦干草为粗饲料。饲粮精粗比34.50∶65.50。进行3期饲养试验,每期20 d,15 d预试期,5 d采样期。采集饲喂前(0 h)和饲喂后1、3、5和7 h的瘤胃液,测定p H,采用实时定量PCR方法测定微生物相对含量。结果表明:1)全株玉米青贮组的瘤胃液p H在1、5 h均显著低于燕麦干草组(P0.05),在3 h极显著低于混合组(P0.01);2)混合组和燕麦干草组瘤胃液真菌的相对含量在0 h均极显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.01),燕麦干草组在5 h真菌相对含量显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.05);3)混合组原虫的相对含量在1、5 h显著低于全株玉米青贮组(P0.05);4)饲喂后5 h,混合组和燕麦干草组的纤维分解菌相对含量均较高,其中燕麦干草组黄色瘤胃球菌相对含量显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.05),白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的相对含量极显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.01)。综上所述,在精粗比为34.50∶65.50的饲粮中采用全株玉米青贮+燕麦干草(1∶1)的粗饲料,有利于维持绵羊瘤胃内环境的稳态及瘤胃微生物的生长,白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌为优势菌。  相似文献   

氨化对油菜秸秆营养成分及山羊瘤胃降解特性的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

孟春花  乔永浩  钱勇  王子玉  王慧利  曹少先 《动物营养学报》2016,(6):1796-1803

本试验旨在研究氨化对油菜秸秆营养成分及山羊瘤胃降解特性的影响。将粉碎的油菜秸秆用30%水和不同比例(10%、15%、20%)碳酸氢铵进行氨化处理,并于处理后7、14和21 d采集样品,与未氨化处理的油菜秸秆(对照)同时进行营养成分分析。然后采用尼龙袋法测定氨化和未氨化处理油菜秸秆的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解率。结果表明:氨化后油菜秸秆CP含量增加,粗脂肪(EE)、NDF和ADF含量下降,DM、粗灰分含量基本保持不变。氨化组油菜秸秆DM和CP有效降解率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);15%、20%碳酸氢铵氨化处理油菜秸秆ADF有效降解率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综合得出,添加15%和20%碳酸氢铵氨化能显著提高油菜秸秆DM、CP和ADF的山羊瘤胃降解率,油菜秸秆经15%碳酸氢铵、30%水分条件下氨化处理效果最好、最经济。  相似文献   

玉米青贮瘤胃降解特性与蛋白质分子结构的关系     

王晓帆  张幸怡  郝小燕  高红  丁雪  张永根  辛杭书 《动物营养学报》2016,(6):1924-1934

本试验旨在探索玉米青贮瘤胃降解特性与其蛋白质分子结构的相关性,并建立拟合方程。试验采用尼龙袋法测定11种玉米青贮的干物质、蛋白质以及中性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率,并对其降解特性进行计算,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)技术对玉米青贮样品的蛋白质分子结构(酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带、α-螺旋、β-折叠)进行分析。结果表明,酰胺Ⅱ带的峰高分别与干物质有效降解率(DM_(ED))极显著相关(r=-0.71,P0.01),与中性洗涤纤维慢速降解部分的降解速率(NDF_c)(r=-0.52,P0.05)、不可降解部分(NDF__u)(r=-0.46,P0.05)显著相关;酰胺Ⅰ带、Ⅱ带的峰高比分别与干物质快速降解部分(DM_a)(r=0.57,P0.01)、慢速降解部分(DM_b)(r=-0.55,P0.01)极显著相关,与蛋白质不可降解部分(CP_u)显著相关(r=-0.50,P0.05),与蛋白质有效降解率(CP_(ED))趋于相关(r=0.38,P0.10);α-螺旋的峰高分别与干物质不可降解部分(DM_u)极显著相关(r=0.59,P0.01),与蛋白质快速降解部分(CP_a)显著相关(r=0.45,P0.05);α-螺旋和β-折叠的峰高比与干物质慢速降解部分的降解速率(DM_c)极显著相关(r=0.59,P0.01),与蛋白质慢速降解部分的降解速率(CP_c)显著相关(r=0.57,P0.05),与CP_ED显著相关(r=0.43,P0.05);蛋白质分子结构与蛋白质慢速降解部分(CP_b)、中性洗涤纤维快速降解部分(NDF_a)、慢速降解部分(NDF_b)并无相关(P0.10)。玉米青贮蛋白质分子结构对DM_(ED)(R~2=0.50)、CP_(ED)(R~2=0.48)拟合最好。初步证明,可以利用FTIR技术分析玉米青贮瘤胃降解特性与其蛋白质分子结构的相关性,并建立回归方程,同时利用二者的数量关系对玉米青贮的营养价值进行快速、非破坏分析,从而减少传统化学分析耗时、费力、环境污染等缺点。  相似文献   

Reducing methane production by supplementation of Terminalia chebula RETZ. containing tannins and saponins          下载免费PDF全文

Nirawan Anantasook  Metha Wanapat  Pongsatorn Gunun  Anusorn Cherdthong 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(6):783-790

This study investigates the effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. meal supplementation on rumen fermentation and methane (CH₄) production by using an in vitro gas technique. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) and the dietary treatments were T. chebula supplementation at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg with 0.5 g of roughage and concentrate ratio at 60:40. The results revealed that cumulative gas production (96 h of incubation) were higher (P < 0.01) with T. chebula supplementation at 12, 16 and 20 mg than other treatments. However, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were not significantly different among treatments (P > 0.05). The NH₃‐N concentrations tended to quadratically increase with increasing levels of T. chebula in the diet. In addition, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionate concentrations were increased (P < 0.01), while acetate concentration, acetate‐to‐propionate ratio, CH₄ production and protozoal populations were decreased (P < 0.01) when supplemented with T. chebula at 8, 12 and 16 mg, respectively. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of T. chebula at 12 mg could improve rumen fermentation by reducing CH₄ production and protozoa populations, thus improving in vitro gas production and VFA profiles.  相似文献   

Potential of tannin‐rich plants,Leucaena leucocephala,Glyricidia sepium and Manihot esculenta,to reduce enteric methane emissions in sheep          下载免费PDF全文

H. Archimède  M. Rira  D. J. Barde  F. Labirin  C. Marie‐Magdeleine  B. Calif  F. Periacarpin  J. Fleury  Y. Rochette²  D. P. Morgavi  M. Doreau 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(6):1149-1158

An in vivo trial was conducted in sheep to investigate the effect of three tropical tannin‐rich plants (TRP) on methane emission, intake and digestibility. The TRP used were leaves of Glyricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and Manihot esculenta that contained, respectively, 39, 75 and 92 g condensed tannins/kg DM. Methane was determined with the sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique. Eight rumen‐cannulated sheep of two breeds (four Texel, four Blackbelly) were used in two 4 × 4 Latin square designs. Four experimental diets were tested. They consisted in a tropical natural grassland hay based on Dichanthium spp. fed alone (C) or in association with G. sepium (G), L. leucocephala (L) or M. esculenta (M) given as pellets at 44% of the daily ration. Daily organic matter intake was higher in TRP diets (686, 984, 1054 and 1186 g/day for C, G, L and M respectively; p < 0.05) while apparent organic matter total tract digestibility was not affected (69.9%, 62.8%, 65.3% and 64.7% for C, G, L and M respectively; p > 0.05). Methane emission was 47.1, 44.9, 33.3 and 33.5 g/kg digestible organic matter intake for C, G, L and M, respectively, and was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for L and M than for G and C. Our results confirm the potential of some TRP to reduce methane production. The strong decrease in methane and the increase in intake with TRPs may be due to their presentation as pellets.  相似文献   

全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响     

孙浩彬  薛玉洋  牛玉杰  牛俊丽  张文举  陈程 《中国畜牧兽医》2023,50(1):106-114

【目的】试验旨在研究全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响,为小黑麦干草在畜牧业中的合理使用提供数据参考。【方法】在相同的饲养条件下,选取10月龄、平均体重为（325.0±20.0） kg、健康、生理状态良好的荷斯坦育成牛30头,随机分为3组：对照组、Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组10头牛,每头为一个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆＝1：1）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别以全株小黑麦干草替代饲粮中50％（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆：全株小黑麦干草＝0.5：0.5：1）和100％干草（100%全株小黑麦干草）,试验预饲期7 d,正试期66天。于正试期前后对每头牛称重,并每天记录采食量,计算平均日增重和料重比;正试期最后4 d采集粪便和饲粮样品,测定各营养物质表观消化率;正试期第66天晨饲前采集血液,晨饲后2 h采集瘤胃液,测定血清生化和瘤胃发酵指标。【结果】①各组育成牛体重、日增重均差异不显著（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组料重比显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。②Ⅰ组育成牛干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）和粗蛋白质（CP）表观消化率与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但极显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,且极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。③育成牛血清中葡萄糖（GLU）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、总蛋白（TP）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛血清白蛋白（ALB）浓度极显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛血清尿素氮（UN）含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但与Ⅱ组差异不显著（P>0.05）。④育成牛瘤胃pH、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量及乙酸/丙酸（A/P）在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,与对照组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃微生物蛋白（MCP）含量显著低于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。【结论】将育成牛粗饲料中50％的干草替换为全株小黑麦干草,对其血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵均具有一定的改善作用,且显著提高了饲粮中营养物质表观消化率。  相似文献   

����-�ո�΢�������϶���ţ������Ч��     

杨玉能  夏先林  朱冠群  韩勇 《贵州农业科学》2016,44(4):96-99

为促进酒糟和秸秆饲料的资源化利用,并为酒糟—秸秆微生物饲料产业化生产提供科学依据,选取健康、长势良好、体重(230.24±44.17)kg、平均(12±2)月龄的杂交公牛42头,随机平均分成3个试验组,在日粮中分别添加1.5％、3％和4.5％的酒糟—秸秆微生物饲料,研究酒糟—秸秆微生物饲料对肉牛日粮营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃内环境及育肥效果的影响.结果表明:随酒糟—秸秆微生物饲料添加量增加日粮营养物质的表观消化率,肉牛总增重、日增重呈先增加后降低趋势,料肉比呈先降低后增加趋势;瘤胃参数pH值、NH3-N随酒糟—秸秆微生物饲料添加量的增加呈增加趋势,乙酸、丁酸呈先降低后增加趋势,丙酸呈先增加后降低趋势.酒糟—秸秆微生物饲料在育肥肉牛日粮中的最适宜添加比例为3％,日增重达1 344 g,料肉比为6.11.  相似文献