The effects of apple dwarfing rootstocks on leaf nutrient element composition in stoolbed production     

R.K. Simons  J.M. Swiader 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):933-943

The nutritional status of 22 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) dwarfing rootstocks, with varied degrees of dwarfing, was evaluated during stoolbed production in 1983 and 1984. Rootstock effects were observed for all leaf nutrient elements studied except Cu. Except for EMLA 27, leaf N levels were generally highest in dwarfing EMLA and Polish series and lowest on vigorous MAC and EMLA rootstocks. Relatively few significant differences were found in leaf P and K content among rootstocks. Foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were generally highest on Polish and Budagovski rootstocks and lowest on EMLA 111. Leaf B levels on vigorous and semi‐dwarfing EMLA rootstocks and Fe levels in MAC, Polish, and Budagovski series were considerably higher than on other rootstocks. Although significant differences were found in leaf Mn and Zn among rootstocks, no specific effect for rootstock vigor was observed for either element. Positive correlations between leaf Ca and Mg occurred in 17 rootstocks while negative correlations between N and Fe were observed in 21 rootstocks.  相似文献   

Effect of FE level and solution culture PH on severity of chlorosis and elemental content of apple seedlings     

Zhou Hou Ji  R.F. Korcak  Miklos Faust 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(4):345-355

The development of chlorosis and subsequent growth of apple seedlings grown in solution cultures containing various levels of Fe under a range of solution pH regimes were examined. Initial solution pHs were 5.5, 6.5 and 7.8 respectively, with Fe levels of 0.0, 0.13 and 1.3 ppm in a 3x3 factorial arrangement. Leaf chlorosis increased with a decrease in Fe levels and with higher solution pH. Nutrient solutions were changed weekly and during each weekly cycle solution pH levels were monitored. Independent of Fe level, the lower the initial solution pH the greater the change in solution pH during each weekly cycle. Decreasing solution Fe levels decreased both leaf and root Fe concentrations but both parameters were relatively unaffected by solution pH suggesting a solution pH by Fe supply interaction at the root surface.  相似文献   

Fruit Quality at Harvest of “Jonathan” Apple Treated with Foliarly-Applied Calcium Chloride     

《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):1991-2006

Abstract

The response of “Jonathan” apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grafted on EMLA 111 to frequent application of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was studied at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, Kansas, orchards in 2002. Trees were sprayed one to eight times with foliar applications of calcium chloride at the rate of 8.971 kg ha^?1. First spray was made when fruits were 1.4, 0.9, and 1.6 cm diameter at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, respectively. More than six applications of CaCl₂ improved fruit quality at harvest. Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents. Although CaCl₂ applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids, the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl₂ application. Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl₂ applications. No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl₂ application were observed. Increase in fruit quality was attributed to a linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues. Increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of treated trees coincided with increases in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations compared with untreated control trees. Potassium, Mg, P, and N were correlated with fruit quality as much as, or in some cases more than, Ca. This information suggests that changes in mineral balance with CaCl₂ applications contributed to improvement of fruit quality and is evidence that frequent Ca application improved “Jonathan” apple quality in Kansas.  相似文献   

Relationship Between Iron Deficiency Stress and Endogenous Hormones in Iron-Efficient versus Inefficient Apple Genotypes     

Zhen Hai Han  Chang-Qing Han  Xue-Feng Xu  Qian Wang 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):1887-1895

In solution culture at different iron (Fe) concentrations, both contents of endogenous hormones or the IAA oxidase activities in the roots and the diffusive IAA contents in the stem apex were analyzed for Malus xiaojinensis (an Fe-efficient apple genotype) or M. baccata (an Fe-inefficient apple genotype). The results showed that higher amounts of IAA in M. xiaojinensis were transported from the stem apex into roots under Fe deficiency stress, which resulted in a great enhancement of the root IAA content, being 4–5 times higher at Fe deficiency than at a normal Fe level. Root IAA content of M. baccata did not show any obvious change at both deficiency and normal level of Fe. When the appearance of leaf chlorosis was used as the test point by the time, there was no remarked difference in fluctuation of the root GA₃ or ABA contents between M. xiaojinensis and M. baccata, although the developing trends of the root GA₃ or ABA contents were slightly lagging for M. xiaojinensis. The results obtained in this experiment suggested that IAA might be a signal factor of inducing Fe deficiency response in plant of genus Malus.  相似文献   

The Effect of Calcium Sprays and Fruit Thinning on Bitter Pit Incidence and Calcium Content in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple     

Adriana Telias  Emily Hoover  Carl Rosen  David Bedford  Dennis Cook 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):1941-1957

‘Honeycrisp’ is a recently released cultivar of apple (Malus x domestica) developed by the University of Minnesota, now in high demand by growers and consumers. This cultivar is susceptible to bitter pit, especially when the trees are young and the fruit load is low. The effects of calcium (Ca) sprays, fruit thinning, vegetative growth, fruit and leaf nutrient concentration on bitter pit incidence, and two sampling methods for nutrient analysis were studied. Bitter pit incidence was associated with several variables, including Ca and phosphorus (P) concentrations in leaves and fruits, magnesium (Mg) concentration in leaves, and yield parameters. Fruit Ca concentration and content for the growing season were modeled, which allowed the determinations of Ca levels associated with bitter pit incidence. Our data suggest that plug analysis was less sensitive than fruit-segment analysis for finding differences in Ca concentrations.  相似文献   

Start-Timing for Calcium Chloride Spray Programs Influences Fruit Calcium and Bitter Pit in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples     

Frank J. Peryea  Gerry H. Neilsen  Dana Faubion 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1213-1227

Early-season sprays of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) have been reported to sometimes be more effective than later-season sprays for controlling bitter pit in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). We conducted a two-year study examining the influence of start-timing of CaCl₂ spray programs on fruit Ca concentrations and at-harvest bitter pit incidence in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in Washington State, USA. Six biweekly sprays of CaCl₂ were applied starting in mid-May (early-start), mid-June (mid-start, the normal commercial start timing), or mid-July (late-start) 2002 and 2003. Although leaf marginal necrosis occurred in all of the CaCl₂-treated plots, no spray damage on fruit was observed. All of the CaCl₂ spray treatments consistently reduced bitter pit incidence relative to the unsprayed control treatment and usually but not always increased the Ca concentration of subdermal cortical tissue at harvest. The early and mid-start spray programs produced lower bitter pit incidence than the late-start program in only one of four situations. Fruit Ca concentrations in the control and early-start spray program did not differ. Fruit Ca concentrations in the mid- and late-start spray programs were not different, and often were higher than that of the early-start spray program. Bitter pit incidence for each cultivar was inversely related to fruit Ca concentration. Substituting cortical Ca/potassium (K) or Ca/magnesium (Mg) concentration ratios for Ca concentration failed to substantially improve and usually degraded the correlations with bitter pit incidence. The results confirm that starting CaCl₂ spray programs in June sometimes is more effective at controlling bitter pit that delaying the start of the spray program until July. The later season sprays tend to be more effective at increasing fruit Ca concentration. There appears to be no detectable advantage for starting spray programs earlier than June. Applying CaCl₂ sprays throughout the growing season, starting sometime in June, appears to be the most economical and effective spray management practice for maximizing fruit Ca and minimizing risk of bitter pit development.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees in a narrow valley in the western Tianshan Mountains,China     

QIU Dong 《干旱区科学》2022,14(12):1413-1439

Malus sieversii (wild apple tree), only distributed in the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, is a tertiary relic species and an ancestral species of cultivated apples. However, existing natural populations of wild apple trees have been declining. To date, spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees and influencing factors in the narrow valley areas in the Tianshan Mountains remain unclear. In this study, field investigation and sampling were carried out in three years (2016-2018) at four elevations (1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 m) in the Qiaolakesai Valley (a typical longitudinal narrow valley in the Yili River Valley) of the western Tianshan Mountains in Xinyuan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Projective coverage, dead branch percentage, and 18 twig traits (these 20 parameters were collectively referred to as plant traits) were determined to comprehensively reflect the growth status of declining wild apple trees. The values of dead branch percentage ranged from 36% to 59%, with a mean of 40%. Year generally showed higher impact on plant traits than elevation. In 2017 and 2018, projective coverage, leaf size, leaf nitrogen concentration, and nitrogen to phosphorous ratio were markedly higher than those in 2016. However, dead branch percentage and leaf and stem phosphorous concentrations showed the opposite trend. Most of the topological parameters of plant trait networks differed in the three years, but the strength of trait-trait association increased year by year. The mean difference between day and night temperatures (MDT), annual accumulative precipitation, soil electrical conductivity, and soil pH had the greatest impact on the plant trait matrix. The growth status of declining wild apple trees was directly and positively affected by MDT and leaf size. In conclusion, the growth of declining wild apple trees distributed in the narrow valley areas was more sensitive to interannual environmental changes than elevation changes. The results are of great significance for further revealing the decline mechanism of wild apple trees in the Tianshan Mountains.  相似文献   

苹果 MD-ACO1启动子的克隆     

冉国栋 《辽宁农业科学》2015,(3)

以苹果（Malus pumila Mill．）品种“皇家嘎拉”（Rolay Gala）叶片为材料,采用 CTAB 的方法提取总 DNA。根据 GenBank 中已发表的苹果 ACO1启动子的 DNA 序列,设计引物。采用 PCR 法,克隆该启动子的 DNA 片断。得到了长度分别为953bp 和975bp 的 DNA 片段。DNA 测序分析软件分析结果显示：该序列与已登录的片断的核苷酸序列一致性分别为98％、97％,认为该基因为苹果 ACO1的启动子序列。  相似文献   

A Preliminary Study on Physiological and Molecular Effects of Iron Deficiency in Fuji/Chistock 1     

Changjiang Yu  Yi Wang  Xinzhong Zhang 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(13):2170-2178

In order to get experimental data on apple rootstock with iron-efficient genotypes capable of improving scion resistance to iron deficiency, this experiment was conducted on the physiological and molecular characteristics of Fuji/ Chistock 1 (F/C) under different iron conditions and compared it to Fuji/ M. Baccata (F/B). F/C was less sensitive to iron deficiency than F/B. F/B showed chlorosis after 25 days under iron-deficient conditions, but F/C showed no phenotypic changes, even after 40 days. The shoot and leaf area growth of F/C were respectively 5cm and 1000 mm² higher than those of F/B, regardless of the iron-deficient or iron-efficient conditions. The young leaf chlorophyll and active iron of F/C were 5 SPAD and 5 mg kg^?1 higher than those of F/B, either in iron-deficient or iron-efficient conditions. The expression of YSL5 and CS1 showed the same pattern. The enhancement expression of iron transport genes may be one explanation for these findings.  相似文献   

影响新疆野苹果种子萌发相关因素研究初报   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

杨磊  廖康  佟乐  许正  刁永强  陈云华  皮里东 《新疆农业科学》2008,45(2):231-235

以新疆野苹果不同单株种子为试验材料,研究了不同层积时间、去种皮和不同激素处理对新疆野苹果种子休眠与萌发的影响.结果表明:低温层积能有效地解除种子的休眠,层积75 d带皮种子发芽率达到90;以上;种皮对萌发有较强的抑制作用,层积45 d带皮种子发芽率为8;,而去皮后种子发芽率达到90;;去皮种子经赤霉素处理可明显提早发芽,低温层积30 d后经500 mg/L GA3处理发芽率较高;GA3和6-BA处理对带皮种子萌发的影响均不明显;在相同处理条件下,不同单株之间的发芽率有一定的差异.  相似文献