Compatible measurements of volumetric soil water content using a neutron probe and Diviner 2000 after field calibration     

P. J. Burgess    B. R. Reinhard  & P. Pasturel 《Soil Use and Management》2006,22(4):401-404

Field calibrations for a neutron probe and a capacitance sensor (Diviner 2000) for measuring the soil water content of a shrinking–swelling clay soil were substantially different from commonly used default values. Using our field calibrations, the two instruments estimated similar changes in the cumulative water content of a soil profile (0–1 m depth) over one growing season.  相似文献   

Pedotransfer functions to assess adsorbed phosphate using iron oxide content and magnetic susceptibility in an Oxisol          下载免费PDF全文

L. A. Camargo  J. Marques Jr.  G. T. Pereira  L. R. F. Alleoni  A. S. R. de S. Bahia  D. De B. Teixeira 《Soil Use and Management》2016,32(2):172-182

Adsorbed phosphate in soils can be chemically extracted; however, this process is both time‐consuming and not cost‐effective if large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Indirect assessment of adsorbed phosphate by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can help optimize fertilizer strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of adsorbed phosphate (P_ads), iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in oxisols and to calibrate PTFs to predict P_ads. A total of 308 soil samples were collected from Hapludox and Eutrudox soils formed from sandstone in Brazil. The contents of clay (196–607 g/kg), iron oxides (40–165 g/kg), MS (1.2–29 × 10^?6 m³/kg) and P_ads (327–842 mg/kg) were in the range of typical values for these highly weathered soils. This study showed that the attributes studied were spatially dependent. Geomorphic surfaces enabled understanding of spatial variability and helped to develop a more efficient sampling scheme to calibrate PTFs. Moreover, the adsorbed phosphate in these oxisols could be predicted by a PTF using iron oxides and MS as predictors. The MS attribute enabled the most accurate prediction (concordance coefficient = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 46 mg/kg and relative improvement in root‐mean‐square error = ?4.12) of spatial variability through PTF compared to other predictors.  相似文献   

Turbidity‐induced changes in emergent effects of multiple predators with different foraging strategies     

Matthew M. VanLandeghem  David H. Wahl 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2011,20(2):279-286

Abstract – In natural systems, prey frequently interact with multiple predators and the outcome often cannot be predicted by summing the effects of individual predator species. Multiple predator interactions can create emergent effects for prey, but how those change across environmental gradients is poorly understood. Turbidity is an environmental factor in aquatic systems that may influence multiple predator effects on prey. Interactions between a cruising predator (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) and an ambush predator (muskellunge Esox masquinongy) and their combination foraging on a shared prey (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) were examined across a turbidity gradient. Turbidity modified multiple predator effects on prey. In clear water, combined predators consumed in total more prey than expected from individual predator treatments, suggesting risk enhancement for prey. In moderately turbid water, the predators consumed fewer prey together than expected, suggesting a risk reduction for prey. At high turbidity, there were no apparent emergent effects; however, the cruising predator consumed more prey than the ambush predator, suggesting an advantage for this predator. Understanding multiple predator traits across a gradient of turbidity increases our understanding of how complex natural systems function.  相似文献   

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions     

Richard R. Budnik  Joseph D. Conroy  Richard D. Zweifel  Stuart A. Ludsin  Elizabeth A. Marschall 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2021,30(1):31-47

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.  相似文献   

Case study on an integrated operation planning of multiple reservoirs for irrigation in Japan     

Hirofumi Kakudo  Yutaro Senga 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1991,5(2):115-128

In spite of several attempts at integrated operation planning, multiple reservoirs in Japan have been operated by trial and error without any formal rules. Subjects of integrated operation are not only showing optimal usage of daily storage levels as an operational policy but also providing a countermeasure for droughts.Objectives of this study are to make a formal operation rule of multiple reservoirs for irrigation using the theory of Required Storage for Drought Curve (RSDC) Method and to propose operational policy for multiple reservoirs as large water supply systems. The Iwaki river basin, on which there are four reservoirs for irrigation parallel with each other, is considered to be a model river basin with a large water system for this case study.From results of simulations using historical data, comparing an individual operation rule with an integrated operation rule on several indices, effectiveness of the latter rule is recognized. Under integrated operation, water losses are minimized and excessive water conservation can be avoided over the whole area to benefit while target river discharge is maintained at key control points because water usage from all reservoirs is well balanced in relation to water availability.  相似文献   

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响     

黄风  严新军  毛海涛  王琳 《干旱地区农业研究》2020,38(2):44-50

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。  相似文献   

乔木种植位置对岸坡深层锚固作用的影响——以永定河泛区为例     

韩纪坤  赵进勇  孟闻远  王琦  张晶  王伟杰  彭文启 《水生态学杂志》2023,44(2):44-53

以永定河泛区中天堂河下游段两岸作为研究区域,探究该区域不同类型乔木种植位置对岸坡整体锚固作用的影响,确定坡地区域与坡顶区域最佳的乔木种植方案,以解决洪泛区湿陷性粉质粘土岸坡坡脚处易失稳的安全隐患。采用拓扑根系描绘法、最大摩擦锚固力计算法、经验公式模型法以及ABAQUS有限元模拟法,分别对根系的形态、根系的固土性能、根系力学特性以及锚固岸坡整体稳定性进行分析。研究结果表明（：1）由于紫荆根系具有较为发达的须根,因而具有较强的锚固性能,相较于紫荆,榆叶梅锚固性能相对较差,在同一深度的埋置条件下,二者的锚固性能相差幅度为5%～25%(;2)当坡地区域的紫荆位于坡脚处,且坡顶区域的榆叶梅位于距离坡肩1.8 m处的种植位置时,岸坡的安全系数达到2.153,岸坡的抗滑锚固效果可达到最佳。坡顶区域与坡地区域的乔木种植位置可对粉质粘土坡体稳定产生双重耦合的影响,当坡地区域植株的种植位置处于坡脚处时,坡顶处任何区域的乔木根际土体均可与之形成有效的土拱效应,以遏制岸坡失稳。  相似文献   

Trophic relationships and ecosystem characteristics in a newly-impounded man-made lake in Thailand   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T. THAPANAND  T. JUTAGATEE  P. WONGRAT  T. LEKCHOLAYUT  C. MEKSUMPUN  & S. JANEKITKARN  A. RODLOI  J. MOREAU  & L. WONGRAT 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2009,16(2):77-87

Abstract  The trophic dynamics of a newly-impounded south east Asian reservoir, Pasak Jolasid, Thailand, monitored from its creation, were constructed using ecopath , a mass-balanced model. The trophic levels (TLs) of 36 ecological groups varied between 1.0 and 3.2. The majority of fish biomass was at the second TL, where the fishery is concentrated. Some food resources (benthic organisms and zooplankton) were not fully used, whereas phytoplankton and benthic algae were important components of the food web, which is based on phytoplankton and detritus. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of ecological maturity of the ecosystem and possible fishery management of this multi-purpose reservoir.  相似文献   

土壤钾素转化的影响因素及其研究进展   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

丛日环  李小坤  鲁剑巍 《华中农业大学学报》2007,26(6):907-913

土壤中各种形态的钾之间存在着动态的平衡,这些平衡受一定因素的影响。本文主要从粘土矿物类型、土壤水分状况、温度、pH、肥料施用以及陪伴离子等方面对土壤钾素转化的影响因素进行了综述,可以归纳为:①以2∶1型粘土矿物为主的土壤吸附K 的结合能较小,易解吸;而以1∶1型粘土矿物为主的土壤吸附K 的结合能较大,吸附的K 不易解吸。②土壤干湿变化对钾素转化的影响因速效钾含量的高低而有明显的区别。③在0~40℃温度范围内,增温能使交换性钾离子减少,而水溶性钾离子浓度则相应增加。④pH对土壤钾素转化的影响比较复杂。⑤氮肥中的NH4 因与K 离子具有相似的离子半径和水化能而对土壤钾素的有效性产生显著的影响。最后展望了钾素转化领域未来的发展方向和研究热点。  相似文献   

石羊河尾闾黏土质夹层结构土壤对降雨入渗的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

柴成武  徐先英  王方琳  唐卫东  王多泽 《水土保持研究》2021,(2):163-167,175

为探明该种土壤结构如何影响降雨在土壤中再分配及其影响效果,采用自然降雨背景下的人工试验方法开展了黏土质夹层对降雨入渗影响效果的试验研究。结果表明:(1)降雨后经过相同时间水分再分布后的土壤末期含水率主要受控于降雨初期含水率、降雨入渗所能达到的最高含水率及其黏土夹层厚度;(2)黏土质夹层表层沙土土壤含水率在降雨条件下经过长期水分再分布后表现出黏土层厚度越小,表层含水率越低的特征;黏土层及黏土层下部的沙土层初始含水率越高,在降水初期水分增加量、增加速度以及水分流失量、流失速度与初始含水率具有一定的正相关关系。因此,黏土质夹层结构土壤阻滞水分入渗到植物难以利用到的深层,将水分固持于黏土层及黏土层上下部,在表层覆沙20 cm情景下,10,20,30 cm厚度的黏土质夹层以10 cm处理总体水分保持效果最好。  相似文献