Efficacy of condensed tannins against larval Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) in vitro and in the intermediate host Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) in vivo     

《Veterinary parasitology》2015,207(1-2):49-55

Natural anti-parasitic compounds in plants such as condensed tannins (CT) have anthelmintic properties against a range of gastrointestinal nematodes, but for other helminths such effects are unexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of CT from three different plant extracts in a model system employing the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, in its intermediate host, Tenebrio molitor. An in vitro study examined infectivity of H. diminuta cysticercoids (excystation success) isolated from infected beetles exposed to different concentrations of CT extracts from pine bark (PB) (Pinus sps), hazelnut pericarp (HN) (Corylus avellana) or white clover flowers (WC) (Trifolium repens), in comparison with the anthelmintic drug praziquantel (positive control). In the in vitro study, praziquantel and CT from all three plant extracts had dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cysticercoid excystation. The HN extract was most effective at inhibiting excystation, followed by PB and WC. An in vivo study was carried out on infected beetles (measured as cysticercoid establishment) fed different doses of PB, HN and praziquantel. There was a highly significant inhibitory effect of HN on cysticercoid development (p = 0.0002). Overall, CT showed a promising anti-cestodal effect against the metacestode stage of H. diminuta.  相似文献   

5种赤眼蜂品系对米蛾卵和梨小食心虫卵的选择偏好研究     

殷诗杰  李先伟  相会明  刁红亮  马瑞燕 《陕西农业科学》2022,(6):21-26

赤眼蜂的生物学特性受到繁育寄主的影响。为探究不同繁育寄主对赤眼蜂品系在梨小食心虫卵的趋性中是否存在差异,本试验通过Y-管行为选择试验研究了米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵繁育的松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae品系,以及梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta卵繁育的松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和本地优势种暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma pintoi品系对梨小食心虫卵的选择趋性。松毛虫赤眼蜂米蛾卵品系对米蛾卵和梨小卵均未表现出显著趋性,松毛虫赤眼蜂梨小卵品系在仅有米蛾卵时对米蛾卵表现出了显著趋性,而在仅有梨小卵、以及梨小卵和米蛾卵共存的处理中未表现出对任一寄主卵的趋性;玉米螟赤眼蜂米蛾卵品系和梨小卵品系,以及暗黑赤眼蜂梨小卵品系对米蛾卵和梨小卵均未表现出显著趋性。仅有米蛾卵时,暗黑赤眼蜂梨小卵品系选择时间显著短于除玉米螟赤眼蜂梨小卵品系外的其余三种赤眼蜂品系;而在仅有梨小卵时,暗黑赤眼蜂梨小卵品系选择时间最长,松毛虫赤眼蜂米蛾卵品系选择时间最短;而两种繁育寄主同时存在时,玉米螟赤眼蜂米...  相似文献   

Source–sink relations and responses to sink–source manipulations during grain filling in wheat          下载免费PDF全文

WU Xiao-li  LIU Miao  LI Chao-su  Allen David MCHUGH  LI Ming  XIONG Tao  LIU Yu-bin  TANG Yong-lu 《农业科学学报》2022,21(6):1593-1605

The source–sink ratio during grain filling is a critical factor that affects crop yield in wheat, and the main objective of this study was to determine the source–sink relations at both the canopy scale and the individual culm level under two nitrogen (N) levels at the post-jointing stage.  Nine widely-used cultivars were chosen for analyzing source–sink relations in southwestern China; and three typical cultivars of different plant types were subjected to artificial manipulation of the grain-filling source–sink ratio to supplement crop growth measurements.  A field experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons under two N rates (N+, 150 kg ha^–1; N–, 60 kg ha^–1), and three manipulations were imposed after anthesis: control (Ct), removal of flag and penultimate leaves (Lr) and removal of spikelets on one side of each spike (Sr).  The results showed that the single grain weights in the three cultivars were significantly decreased by Lr and increased by Sr, which demonstrated that wheat grain yield potential seems more source-limited than sink-limited during grain filling, but the source–sink balance was obviously changed by climatic variations and N deficient environments.  Grain yield was highly associated with sink capacity (SICA), grain number, biomass, SPAD values, and leaf area index during grain filling, indicating a higher degree of source limitation with an increase in sink capacity.  Therefore, source limitation should be taken into account by breeders when SICA is increased, especially under non-limiting conditions.  Chuanmai 104, a half-compact type with a mid-sized spike and a long narrow upper leaf, showed relatively better performance in source–sink relations.  Since this cultivar showed the characteristics of a lower reduction in grain weight after Lr, a larger increase after Sr, and a lower reduction in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, then the greater current photosynthesis during grain filling contributed to the grain after source and sink manipulation.   相似文献   

Predicting summer fin whale distribution in the Pelagos Sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean Sea) to identify dynamic whale–vessel collision risk areas     

Gin Swen Ham  Elise Lahaye  Massimiliano Rosso  Aurelie Moulins  Ellen Hines  Paola Tepsich 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(8):2257-2277

1. Mediterranean fin whales aggregating in the Pelagos Sanctuary in summer to feed are exposed to vessel collision risk, particularly from high-speed ferries.
2. This study developed models to predict summer fin whale distribution using a generalized additive model (GAM) and MaxEnt, with the aim of providing a tool to identify potential high whale–ferry collision risk areas along ferry routes within the Pelagos Sanctuary during summertime.
3. Models were trained using sightings data collected in the summer months of 2009–2018 on board ferries crossing the central area of the Pelagos Sanctuary. Environmental predictors were bathymetry and mean sea surface chlorophyll concentration of the annual spring bloom period.
4. The predictive ability of GAM and MaxEnt was assessed using existing knowledge of summer fin whale distribution in the region. GAM (deviance explained = 20.2%) predictions matched documented distributions more closely than that of MaxEnt, with highest predicted fin whale occurrence in deep offshore waters (>2000 m) encompassing the central north-western and western regions, and in the south-eastern region, consistent with known fin whale habitats within the Pelagos Sanctuary. Inter-annual variability was evident, influencing collision risk areas.
5. Collision risk was estimated as a function of the overlap between the predicted probability of fin whale occurrence and ferry density estimated from Automated Identification System data. Ferry routes that cross the northern and eastern regions of the Pelagos Sanctuary presented relatively higher collision risk.
6. Areas with changes in risk intensity between the years were temporally and spatially dynamic: some appeared intermittently throughout the study period while others persisted over consecutive years or recurred in different years.
7. Due to the vastness of the Pelagos Sanctuary, vessel speed reduction maybe a more practical measure to manage collision risk than re-routing shipping lanes. A combination of Seasonal Management Areas and Dynamic Management Areas approaches could be adopted for high-risk areas.

  相似文献   

树皮内含物对香梨优斑螟寄主选择的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马姝岑  侯世星  吴芳  朱银飞  温俊宝 《西北农业学报》2014,23(3):186-192

为了明确香梨优斑螟的寄主选择和寄主树皮内含物对寄主选择的影响,调查研究野外香梨优斑螟在不同寄主植物上的危害情况和室内幼虫的取食选择,并对寄主植物树皮中几种内含物含量与香梨优斑螟的寄主选择关系进行分析。结果表明:在野外,不同寄主植物的受害率、平均虫口数及最大虫口数,均为香梨树苹果树枣树,但枣树的蛹与幼虫的比值高于苹果;室内幼虫取食选择试验,幼虫对4种寄主植物的选择存在显著差异,香梨树枣树砀山梨树苹果树,推测枣树为香梨优斑螟潜在的高风险寄主。香梨优斑螟幼虫的寄主选择与单一的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总糖、氨基酸和单宁含量均无显著相关,与4种树的碳氮比(r=-0.960,P0.05)和总酚含量(r=-0.900,P0.05)呈显著负相关,均衡的营养和较低的取食抑制物含量是香梨优斑螟选择寄主植物的标准。  相似文献   

Stewardship as a Path to Cooperation? Exploring the Role of Identity in Intergroup Conflict Among Michigan Wolf Stakeholders     

Michelle L. Lute  Meredith L. Gore 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2014,19(3):267-279

Post-recovery wolf management remains controversial. In Michigan, dialogue centers on hunting wolves but controversy may be more nuanced than simple pro- or anti-hunting positions. Social identity may cause stakeholders to organize in groups and identity differences may be driving controversy. To explore stakeholder disagreement over wolf management, we conducted semi-structured key informant interviews (n = 21) about identity and stewardship in August–September 2012. Four overarching identity themes emerged regarding: (a) management objectives, (b) focal levels, (c) control methods, and (d) justifications for methods. Themes indicated two main researcher-defined identity groups. Interviewees from both groups identified six common stewardship themes: (a) bequest values, (b) ecosystem health, (c) education, (d) existence values, (e) pride in natural resources, and (f) sustainability. Findings suggest stakeholders may be conflicting over opposing identities vis-à-vis organization affiliation, which may be related to what management strategies individuals oppose. Establishing common stewardship objectives through established participation methods may help alleviate controversy.  相似文献   

Attitudes of Rural Communities Toward Dispersing African Wild Dogs in South Africa     

Daniel M. Parker  Brendan M. Whittington-Jones  Richard T. F. Bernard  Harriet T. Davies-Mostert 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2014,19(6):512-522

Subsistence pastoralists often view large carnivores negatively given that any loss of livestock is likely to represent a significant economic cost. Consequently, large carnivore conservation initiatives in rural landscapes should incorporate appropriate human–carnivore conflict mitigation strategies. In this study, structured interviews with local residents (n = 247) were used for determining attitudes toward African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) among rural communities neighboring two protected areas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Contrary to expectations, the majority of respondents (58%) were generally positive toward wild dogs. This was probably due to a lack of livestock depredation by wild dogs and relatively high levels of formal education among respondents. Respondents with greater knowledge of wild dogs and conflict mitigation had more positive attitudes, and most were aware of effective husbandry techniques. The positive attitudes observed in these rural communities may benefit wild dog dispersal from natal home ranges and the future conservation of this endangered carnivore.  相似文献   

Dominance in domestic dogs revisited: Useful habit and useful construct?     

《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2014,9(4):184-191

In the last decade, the validity and relevance of the dominance model was regularly put into question regarding relationships between canids like dogs and wolves, and consequently, human–dog relationships as well. The concept underlying this model, scientifically defined as an intervening variable reflecting status difference between individuals, is applicable when formal status signals symbolize the long-term relationship between individuals, resulting in a formalized dominance hierarchy. This article reviews the basics underlying the concept of dominance and reflects on the value and importance of some new quantitative studies on the applicability of the concept of dominance in domestic dogs. The conclusions are, first, that formal dominance is present in the domestic dog, expressed by context-independent unidirectional formal status signals. Consequently, formal dominance (e.g., submission) plays an important role in assessing status in dog–dog relationships. Second, that nonverbal status–related communication in humans resembles that in dogs to a considerable degree, and hence dogs may be well able to interpret this human status–related nonverbal communication from their perspective. Dominance is therefore also likely to play a role in human–dog relationships. Hence, the dominance concept might be useful to explain the development of certain problems in dog–dog and dog–human relationships. However, enforcing a dominant status by a human may entail considerable risks and should therefore be avoided.  相似文献   

Analysis of regional variation of height growth and slenderness in populations of six urban tree species using a quantile regression approach     

Steffen Rust 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2014,13(2):336-343

Inventory data of six urban tree species from seven cities across Germany were used to model regional variation of height growth, allometric scaling, and slenderness over a wide range of size and age using a quantile regression approach. Variation within and between species and cities was large. Height did not reach an asymptote but declined at higher ages, presumably because of reduction cuts. Allometric scaling and slenderness varied with wind climate, modulus of elasticity, and coefficient of drag. Our data do not support the use of a threshold value of slenderness in tree risk assessment.  相似文献   

Effect of variable retention cutting on the relationship between growth of coarse roots and stem of Picea mariana     

Hans Pretzsch  Michael Heym  Samuel Pinna  Robert Schneider 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(3):222-233

Silviculture heading for structural heterogeneity creates many single trees standing at stand margins, inner edges or in remnant tree groups. As they played just a minor role in the age class forest, the growth behaviour of strongly released trees is rather unexplored. Here we show how retention cutting, presently spreading in the boreal of Québec province, affects stem and coarse root growth of remained single black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton]. Increment cores from roots and stems of 125 trees show that retention cutting triggers coarse root growth of the remaining trees. Compared with reference trees retention trees accelerate root in relation to stem growth. Mean and variability of the root–stem allometry significantly rise after retention cutting. The found acceleration of root in relation to stem growth means mechanical stabilisation of the retention trees and corroborates the retention cutting method. Evaluation of silvicultural treatments can be incomplete and misleading as long as they are just based on aboveground reactions and neglect root growth.  相似文献