自动板栗脱壳机的设计     

张文斌 《农机化研究》2015,(8):104-106,111

针对目前板栗脱壳过程中主要依靠手工剥壳,手指极易被板栗刺壳上坚硬的刺刺伤,以及劳动强度大、生产效率低的问题,设计了一种新型的自动板栗脱壳机。该机采用胶皮与螺纹钢揉挤的方式将板栗刺与板栗米分开,同时采用鼓风机搭配输送带的方式进行分离。实际测试结果表明,该机采用的脱壳方式和分离方式新颖,能最大限度地将板栗米与板栗刺剥离,且能实现两者的自动分离,对于减轻栗农劳动强度,缩短栗子从采摘到上市的时间发挥了极大作用,值得进一步推广普及。  相似文献   

马铃薯晚疫病的发生、流行规律及其对产量的影响     

梁家燕  贺海雄  潘晓莲  何忠雪  罗全丽  蒙仕鹏  蒙光炯 《长江蔬菜》2016,(20):81-82

为探明马铃薯晚疫病发病规律及其对产量的影响,以清水为对照,开展了枯草芽孢杆菌BS-10和银法利(氟菌·霜霉威)防治马铃薯晚疫病效果试验。试验结果表明,马铃薯晚疫病发生和流行速度快,从出现中心病株到全部植株枯死仅17~24 d,病情呈逐渐加重趋势,对产量影响极大,如不防治或防治不当,可造成减产2/3;试验所用药剂均不能完全抑制晚疫病的发生,相对而言,银法利防效优于枯草芽孢杆菌BS-10。  相似文献   

Identification and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight of rice in the southern United States     

Shankar P. Gaire  Xin-Gen Zhou  Yong Zhou  Jun Shi  Young-Ki Jo 《Plant pathology》2023,72(1):76-88

Surveys were conducted in the five southern rice-producing states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas in the United States during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the distribution and pathogenicity of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight in rice. A total of 349 pathogenic fungal isolates were collected and identified as belonging to four genera: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Marasmius graminum based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis and Koch's postulates. R. solani (252 out of 349 pathogenic isolates) was the most prevalent fungus isolated from diseased samples. Of the 252 pathogenic R. solani isolates, 245 were further classified as anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) and 7 as AG-4. Isolates of R. solani AG-4 and M. graminum were the most aggressive, with the highest stand loss (63% to 100%) and median disease rating (DR; 5.0), followed by isolates of R. solani AG-11 (stand loss = 4% to 100% and DR = 0.6 to 5.0), Fusarium spp. (stand loss = 26% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 5.0) and S. rolfsii (stand loss = 33% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 3.0) in causing seedling blight in rice. R. solani (62% to 83% of total pathogenic isolates) and Fusarium spp. (10% to 24% of total pathogenic isolates) were predominant in all the five states surveyed. S. rolfsii and M. graminum were present only in Louisiana and Texas. The results of this first systematic survey of rice seedling diseases in the southern United States will help develop effective fungicide seed treatment strategies for control of stand loss caused by seedling blight, one of the major factors limiting rice production.  相似文献   

四种替代药剂对梨火疫病菌的抑制活性及其田间防效     

李东旭  于松涛  张亚杰  林彩霞  李令蕊  王树桐 《植物保护学报》2023,50(5):1368-1376

为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...  相似文献   

云南高原粳稻抗白叶枯病新品系云资抗21号的选育   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐福荣  汤翠凤  余腾琼  叶昌荣  戴陆园 《分子植物育种》2005,3(3):307-313

以高产优质的云南高原粳稻品种滇系4号为轮回亲本，以IRBB21为白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21的供体亲本，通过杂交和3次回交以及5次自交形成BC3F，代材料，并结合后代材料的白叶枯病抗性鉴定及农艺性状的评价选择，选育出高原粳稻新品系云资抗21号，对云资抗21号的21个单株采用与Xa21连锁标记RM21和RM229、以及22个独立分离的SSR标记进行检测，结果表明这21个单株在RM21位点上均为IRBB21的纯合基因型，在RM229位点上有1个单株显示为轮回亲本的纯合基因型，其余的20个单株均为IRBB21的纯合基因型，而在其余22个SSR标记位点上均显示为轮回亲本的纯合基因型。该新品系白叶枯病抗性与IRBB21相近，农艺性状与轮回亲本相似，具有很好的应用前景。  相似文献   

Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey     

Deniz Çakar  Göksel Özer  Seçil Akıllı Şimşek  Salih Maden 《Forest Pathology》2023,53(3):e12813

Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular vic markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type MAT-1, while 44 (24%) isolates had MAT-2 and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the C. parasitica isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.  相似文献   

Artificial inoculation and susceptibility of Pinus armandii to Dothistroma septosporum     

Zuzana Jánošíková  Emília Ondrušková  Katarína Adamčíková 《Forest Pathology》2023,53(5):e12826

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is a serious needle disease of conifers that primarily affects pine species (Pinus spp.). Dothistroma septosporum is one of the DNB pathogens that has a diverse range of host species excluding Pinus armandii. In 15 inoculated P. armandii seedlings, D. septosporum acervuli were observed in 43 infected needles of ten seedlings with a mean disease severity of 1.11% at 25 weeks after inoculations, demonstrating the potential of D. septosporum to cause symptoms on the needles of P. armandii via artificial inoculation. The disease severity of P. armandii was similar to the positive control, Pinus nigra (median 0.75 for P. armandii to 0.70 for P. nigra), thus, P. armandii acts under artificial conditions as a susceptible host species.  相似文献   

籼稻品种对三个白叶枯病菌系的抗性遗传分析     

施爱农  章琦 《华中农业大学学报》1993,12(3):215-220

分析和研究了全生育期表现抗病的5个籼稻品种二九丰、三黄占2号、川植5号、扬稻1号和83007对3个水稻白叶枯病菌系HB84-17、PXO16和T7174的抗性遗传,对这5个抗病品种分别与感病品种沈农1033或金刚30杂交的F_1、F_2和B_1F_1群体植株对供试3个菌系的抗性反应和分离世代植株抗感分离比例的分析结果表明:供试的5个籼稻抗病品种对菌系HB84-17和PXO61的抗性均由一对显性基因控制,对菌系T7174的抗性均由二对独立遗传的显性基因控制,其中一对能控制对这3个菌系的抗性,另一对只控制对菌系T7174的抗性而对菌系HB84-17和PXO61表现为感病。  相似文献   

马铃薯晚疫病防治药剂的筛选   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

邓宽平  范士杰  雷尊国 《贵州农业科学》2006,34(5):67-68

采用7种杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病的控制效果进行了试验。结果表明:27.75%猎霜(福美双-多抗霉素)WP对防治马铃薯晚疫病效果最好,在试验点的产量居第一,比对照增产46.42%,方差分析达到极显著水平;50%富帅得悬浮剂(氟啶胺)和华药方方(47%春雷.王铜)WP对晚疫病的防治也有较好的效果,比对照分别增产42.85%和37.5%。  相似文献   

核桃细菌性疫病菌特性及其与核桃内生菌的竞争作用     

傅本重  邹路路 《中国果业信息》2019,48(1)

为了明确本实验室前期分离得到的一株核桃细菌性疫病菌Xaj DW3F3的相关特性及其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。对该病原细菌进行了显微观察、生物膜形成测定,不同培养基上多糖和色素含量,以及18项生理生化指标测定。通过毛细管法和滴落法观察其趋化作用,并测试其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。结果表明,病原菌DW3F3为杆状、极生鞭毛、有运动性并能形成生物膜。其在YPGA、King’B 和NA培养基上生长较好,产生多糖和色素较多。病原菌有较强的耐盐性,致死温度达60℃,对纤维素和淀粉都有较强的分解能力,对NaCl和寄主叶片表现出一定的趋性。在其与核桃叶部内生菌的共培养中表现出一定竞争优势。该病菌菌DW3F3有树生黄单胞菌核桃致病变种（Xanthomonas arboricola pv.juglandis,Xaj）的基本特征及致病相关特性,这些特征可能与其致病性强及病害难以控制有关。  相似文献