Changing how we approach fisheries: A first attempt at an operational framework for ecosystem approaches to fisheries management     

Jason S. Link  Geir Huse  Sarah Gaichas  Anthony R. Marshak 《Fish and Fisheries》2020,21(2):393-434

The increasing need to account for the many factors that influence fish population dynamics, particularly those external to the population, has led to repeated calls for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Yet systematically and clearly addressing these factors, and hence implementing EAFM, has suffered from a lack of clear operational guidance. Here, we propose 13 main factors (shift in location, migration route or timing, overfishing (three types), decrease in physiology, increase in predation, increase in competition, decrease in prey availability, increase in disease or parasites and a decline in habitat quality or habitat quantity) that can negatively influence fish populations via mechanisms readily observable in ~20 population features. Using these features as part of a diagnostic framework, we develop flow charts that link probable mechanism(s) underlying population change to the most judicious management actions. We then apply the framework for example case studies that have well‐known and documented population dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a clearly defined matrix of all the probable responses to the most common factors influencing fish populations, and to examine possible diagnostics simultaneously, comparatively and relatively in an attempt to elucidate the most probable mechanisms responsible. The framework we propose aims to operationalize EAFM, thereby not only better diagnosing factors influencing fish populations, but also suggesting the most appropriate management interventions, and ultimately leading to improved fisheries. We assert the framework proposed should result in both better use of limited analytical and observational resources and more tailored and effective management actions.  相似文献   

Development of real-time PCR systems based on SYBR^? Green I and TaqMan^? technologies for specific quantitative detection of Phoma tracheiphila in infected Citrus     

Maria Antonietta Demontis  Santa Olga Cacciola  Marcella Orrù  Virgilio Balmas  Valentina Chessa  Bianca Elena Maserti  Laura Mascia  Francesco Raudino  Gaetano Magnano di San Lio  Quirico Migheli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,120(4):339-351

Real-time PCR assays based on SYBR? Green I and TaqMan? technologies were developed for in planta detection and quantification of Phoma tracheiphila, the mitosporic fungus causing ‘mal secco’ disease on citrus. Primers and a hybridization probe were designed on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rRNA genes. The real-time PCR assays were compared with a classic isolation method in two separate experiments carried out on 6 and 24 month-old sour orange seedlings, artificially inoculated with a conidial suspension of the pathogen. Both technologies made it possible to follow the progression of infection by P. tracheiphila, enabling detection and quantification of the target fungus prior to the development of symptoms. The detection limit was 10 copies of the cloned target sequence and 15 pg of genomic DNA extracted from fungal spores. The values of the cycle threshold (Ct) were linearly correlated with the concentration of the target DNA, indicating that the method is suitable as a qualitative and quantitative assay. The presence of non-target fungal DNA had no effect on the specificity of the assay, but resulted in a 10-fold reduction of sensitivity. Total inhibition of the reaction occurred when conidia of the target pathogen were mixed with an organic soil substrate before extracting DNA using the standard protocol, while an alternative purification kit resulted in a significant decrease in sensitivity. Compared to classic methods, real-time PCR proved faster and easier to perform and showed a higher sensitivity. These results suggest that real-time PCR, based on both chemistries, has a great potential for early diagnosis of ‘mal secco’ disease and for quantitative estimation of fungal growth within host tissue.  相似文献   

Development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical Taqman real-time PCR-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bland F  McIntosh R  Bain N  Snow M 《Journal of fish diseases》2012,35(6):447-454

The use of Taqman real-time PCR-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. This interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. The development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. This study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene specific to a range of fish species including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; brown trout, Salmo trutta; cod, Gadus morhua; haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus; saithe, Pollachius virens; whiting, Merlangius merlangus; Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii; carp (family Cyprinidae), roach, Rutilus rutilus; European eel, Anguilla anguilla; and herring, Clupea harengus, as well as a number of fish cell lines. Evidence is provided of the validation of these assays for specific species, a range of tissue types and cell lines as well as an example of the potential uses of these assays.  相似文献   

The tyrosine kinase inhibitor toceranib in feline injection site sarcoma: efficacy and side effects          下载免费PDF全文

N. Holtermann  M. Kiupel  J. Hirschberger 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2017,15(2):632-640

Because of their locally invasive growth and high recurrence rate despite of aggressive local therapy, treatment of feline sarcomas is challenging. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) toceranib is currently licensed for the treatment of canine mast cell tumours. There are only few reports about TKI usage in cats. Previous studies indicated promising potential of TKI for the treatment of feline injection site sarcoma (FISS). In this prospective clinical trial, 18 cats with unresectable FISS were treated at a target dosage of 3.25 mg kg^?1 every other day to evaluate the clinical efficacy and toxicity of toceranib. There was no clinical response measurable. Adverse events were generally mild and temporary. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events developed infrequently and all resolved with drug holidays and dose reductions.  相似文献   

Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of different methods used by two laboratories for the detection of Phytophthora ramorum on multiple natural hosts     

A. M. Vettraino  S. Sukno  A. Vannini  M. Garbelotto 《Plant pathology》2010,59(2):289-300

Five detection methods were comparatively tested on putative Phytophthora ramorum field samples from 41 wild plant species. The tested methods included two culture‐based assays, a DAS‐ELISA‐based polyclonal assay, a nested PCR‐based assay, and a TaqMan real‐time PCR assay. Diagnostic values including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for each method. The effects of host species, seasonality and host location were analysed and compared between two laboratories. Significant effects of season, host species and laboratory were detected. It is concluded that a combination of either culturing and molecular diagnosis or of two molecular assays is the most promising approach to diagnose this pathogen. Based on the results of this and other studies, diagnosis should occur as much as possible during wet and warm periods favourable to the pathogen, and proficiency tests should be performed to compare results obtained with molecular approaches in different laboratories. Furthermore, length of time lapsed between sample collection and processing strongly affected the diagnostic sensitivity of culture‐based methods, and therefore needs to be taken into account when comparing results from different laboratories.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity of the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii and development of a SCAR marker for this guava‐damaging species     

M. Tigano  K. De Siqueira  P. Castagnone‐Sereno  K. Mulet  P. Queiroz  M. Dos Santos  C. Teixeira  M. Almeida  J. Silva  R. Carneiro 《Plant pathology》2010,59(6):1054-1061

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the genetic variability of Meloidogyne enterolobii by molecular markers, and develop species‐specific molecular markers for application in detection. Sixteen M. enterolobii isolates from different geographical regions (Brazil and other countries) and hosts were used in this study. The identification and purification of the populations were carried out based on isoenzyme phenotype. The DNA amplification of the intergenic region (IGS) of the rDNA and of the region between the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) and 16S rRNA genes (mtDNA) produced specific fragments of the expected size for this nematode, i.e. 780 and 705 bp, respectively. Intraspecific variability among the isolates was evaluated with three different neutral molecular markers: AFLP, ISSR and RAPD. The results showed a low level of diversity among the isolates tested, indicating that M. enterolobii is a genetically homogeneous root‐knot nematode species. The RAPD method allowed the identification of a species‐specific RAPD fragment for M. enterolobii. This fragment was cloned and sequenced, and from the sequence obtained, a set of primers was designed and tested. The amplification of a 520‐bp‐long fragment occurred only for the 16 isolates of M. enterolobii and not for the 10 other Meloidogyne species tested. In addition, positive detection was achieved in a single individual female, egg‐mass and second stage juvenile of this nematode. This SCAR species‐specific marker for M. enterolobii represents a new molecular tool to be used in the detection of this nematode from field samples and as a routine diagnostic test for quarantine devices .  相似文献   

奶牛乳房炎分子诊断技术研究进展     

张莉 《中国畜牧兽医》2010,37(7):181-183

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,由多种致病菌感染引起,它不仅造成重大的经济损失,还影响乳的品质,危及人的健康。常规的检测方法在乳房炎的检测方面都存在不同程度的局限性。作者就PCR、多重PCR、实时荧光定量PCR、基因芯片等分子生物学技术在奶牛乳房炎诊断上的研究作一综述,并对其发展前景进行了分析展望。  相似文献   

Characterization and taxonomic reassessment of the box blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata,introducing Calonectria henricotiae sp. nov.          下载免费PDF全文

B. Gehesquière  J. A. Crouch  R. E. Marra  K. Van Poucke  F. Rys  M. Maes  B. Gobin  M. Höfte  K. Heungens 《Plant pathology》2016,65(1):37-52

Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the causal agent of the disease of Buxus spp. known as ‘box blight’, was first detected in the mid‐1990s in the UK and New Zealand. Since then, the geographic range of box blight has rapidly expanded to at least 21 countries throughout temperate regions of the world, causing significant losses in nurseries, gardens and wild boxwood populations. This study determined the genetic diversity in a collection of 234 Calonectria isolates from diseased Buxus plants, originating from 15 countries and four continents. Two genetic clades, G1 and G2, were identified within this sample using multilocus phylogenetic analysis. The application of genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria using four independent nuclear loci determined that the Calonectria isolates in these two clades are separate phylogenetic species. The isolates in the G1 clade were upheld as C. pseudonaviculata sensu stricto. Based on phylogenetic distinctiveness and the lack of mating, a new species is proposed, Calonectria henricotiae sp. nov., for the Calonectria isolates in the G2 clade. A PCR‐RFLP assay and real‐time PCR assays were developed to easily and reproducibly differentiate these species. To assess the practical implications of the identification of the two species, their physiology, fungicide susceptibility and pathogenicity were compared. No differences in pathogenicity were observed. However, C. henricotiae isolates exhibited greater thermotolerance and reduced sensitivity to specific triazole as well as strobilurin fungicides. The identification of a second phylogenetic species causing box blight may have a substantial impact on the epidemiology and control of this destructive disease.  相似文献   

Weed Problems in Food Crops in Indonesia     

M. Soerjani  D. Soetidj  O. Soemarnoto 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):334-339

Abstract

Losses due to weeds in food crop production are discussed. Types of weeds differ from one crop to another; environmental conditions, crop management and other factors affect weed growth.

Hand weeding is practised on small farms, even in upland crops where weed problems are more complicated. Some experiments with herbicides on food crops have been introduced by various institutions. Due to the rising cost of labour, especially on large-scale mechanised farms, chemical weed control will become more important.

It is suggested that applied research in new methods of weed control as well as basic research in weed biology related to agriculture should be encouraged.  相似文献   

气体超声流量计远程诊断功能在中亚管道的应用     

吴兆鹏  邓东花  柯琳  谭钰山 《油气储运》2013,32(4):448-453

基于气体超声流量计的应用现状,分析了其实现远程诊断功能的重要意义,列举了其核心诊断指标：流速特性、声速特性、声道信号质量、声道增益值、声道信噪比。讨论了远程诊断系统的设置需求,其功能体现在可实时地对现场计量站内的超声波流量计、流量计算机、压力变送器、温度变送器及气相色谱分析仪等设备进行运行状态的指示、诊断及远程管理。在中亚天然气管道的应用实践表明：气体超声流量计远程诊断可以及时地将流量计的工作状况通知运行操作人员,从而对流量计进行有效监控,及时采取预防措施,降低计量故障的发生概率,提高运行效率,降低运营成本。（表3,图5,参6）  相似文献