不同突扩比下空间淹没水跃的水力计算     

郑铁刚  戴会超  丁全林 《排灌机械工程学报》2012,30(6):670-676

突扩能够使局部范围内水流紊动剧烈,可以作为水利工程中消能工的一种重要方式．为了探讨突扩比对下游流体水力特性的影响规律,基于RNG k-ε紊流模型和PISO压力-速度耦合算法,采用非均匀结构网格技术,建立了三维紊流数学模型,对突扩比分别为1000,0833,0.667,0500,0333等5种空间水跃进行了多工况数值模拟,结合试验数据,计算结果量纲一化,讨论了不同突扩比大小对下游水力性能的影响,并分析了下游流速、紊动能及消能率等随突扩比的变化规律．数值计算结果表明:突扩比对下游流速、紊动能及消能率影响显著,突扩比越小,下游流速变化越显著,主流在空间内扩散愈迅速,流态转变越明显;随着突扩比的减小,紊动应力愈小,紊动能量愈小,而消能率越大;突扩水跃较典型水跃消能效果明显增强,当突扩比小于0500时,消能率增大不再显著．  相似文献   

The environmental fate of diuron under a conventional production regime in a sugarcane farm during the plant cane phase     

Stork PR  Bennett FR  Bell MJ 《Pest management science》2008,64(9):954-963

BACKGROUND: Field studies of diuron and its metabolites 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU), 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) were conducted in a farm soil and in stream sediments in coastal Queensland, Australia. RESULTS: During a 38 week period after a 1.6 kg ha(-1) diuron application, 70-100% of detected compounds were within 0-15 cm of the farm soil, and 3-10% reached the 30-45 cm depth. First-order t(1/2) degradation averaged 49+/-0.9 days for the 0-15, 0-30 and 0-45 cm soil depths. Farm runoff was collected in the first 13-50 min of episodes lasting 55-90 min. Average concentrations of diuron, DCPU and DCPMU in runoff were 93, 30 and 83-825 microg L(-1) respectively. Their total loading in all runoff was >0.6% of applied diuron. Diuron and DCPMU concentrations in stream sediments were between 3-22 and 4-31 microg kg(-1) soil respectively. The DCPMU/diuron sediment ratio was >1. CONCLUSION: Retention of diuron and its metabolites in farm topsoil indicated their negligible potential for groundwater contamination. Minimal amounts of diuron and DCMPU escaped in farm runoff. This may entail a significant loading into the wider environment at annual amounts of application. The concentrations and ratio of diuron and DCPMU in stream sediments indicated that they had prolonged residence times and potential for accumulation in sediments. The higher ecotoxicity of DCPMU compared with diuron and the combined presence of both compounds in stream sediments suggest that together they would have a greater impact on sensitive aquatic species than as currently apportioned by assessments that are based upon diuron alone.  相似文献   

The effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on captan decline on apple leaves and fruit in controlled environment conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xu XM  Murray RA  Salazar JD  Hyder K 《Pest management science》2008,64(3):296-307

BACKGROUND: Captan is an important fungicide for controlling diseases in horticultural crops. Predicting its dissipation is important for estimating dietary risks and optimising pesticide application. Experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of captan loss on apple leaves with temperature, humidity and rainfall, and to investigate captan loss on fruit in dry conditions. RESULTS: There was large unit-to-unit variability in captan residues in spite of the controlled application. Temperature and humidity had negligible effects on captan loss. Captan loss is predominately due to washoff by rain, although a certain proportion of captan may bind to the plant surface tightly and hence may not be readily removed by rain. About 50% of captan can be washed off by as little as 1 mm of rain after an application, and the loss appeared not to relate to the amount of rain. Under dry conditions, daily loss of captan is estimated to be around 1% on both fruit and leaves, giving a half-life of ca 70 days. CONCLUSIONS: Captan loss on leaf and fruit surfaces is primarily due to rain washoff.  相似文献   

Experimental Analysis on Energy Dissipation Mechanism and Seismic Performance of Steel Truss Coupling Beam-Coupled Shear Wall Structure     

Lin Qian  Deng Zhiheng  Huang Ying  Hu Yuefeng 《保鲜与加工》2014,(1):16-24

Pseudo-dynamic tests and low cyclic reversed loading tests on two-floor coupled shear wall planar structures were conducted, and one is arranged with two steel truss coupling beams, the other is arranged with a steel coupling beam and a RC coupling beam. The shear walls’ seismic response under different earthquake intensity was deliberated, Their failure mechanism, bearing capacity, hysteretic ductility, energy dissipation mechanism, and stiffness and strength degradation mechanism were analyzed as well. The results show that the shear wall with two steel truss coupling beams has reasonable stiffness distribution. Its energy dissipation mechanism, stiffness and strength degradation mechanism can fulfill the demands of coupled shear wall’s seismic design: under rare earthquake, it can maintain good bearing capacity and stiffness, and keep restraining the walls. Its seismic performance is superior to RC coupling beams-coupled shear wall system.  相似文献   

二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚在生姜上的残留分析及土壤中的消解动态   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

黄斌  曹坳程  李君  王前  郭美霞  王秋霞  颜冬冬  李园  欧阳灿彬 《农药学学报》2017,19(1):125-130

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）同时测定二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚在生姜、茎秆和土壤中残留量的分析方法,并采用该方法研究了两种农药在土壤中的消解动态及在土壤和生姜中的最终残留。样品前处理采用QuEChERS法,经乙腈提取,姜块和茎秆提取液分别用N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）和石墨化碳黑（GCB）净化,土壤提取液用弗罗里硅土柱净化,选择离子监测模式（SIM）扫描,外标峰面积法定量。结果表明:当添加水平为0.01~0.5 mg/kg时,二甲戊灵在生姜、茎秆和土壤中的回收率分别为91%~100%、90%~98%和86%~100%,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为3.2%~3.7%、2.7%~4.2%和3.2%~5.1%;乙氧氟草醚在生姜、茎秆和土壤中的回收率分别为90%~95%、86%~91%和85%~95%,RSD分别为2.4%~4.4%、3.9%~5.5%和2.3%~4.9%;样品中二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚的定量限（LOQ）均为0.01 mg/kg。二甲戊灵在土壤中的消解半衰期在12.5~20.5 d之间,乙氧氟草醚在18.8~25.6 d之间。采用33%二甲戊灵乳油和24%乙氧氟草醚乳油混剂分别按推荐剂量（有效成分693 g/hm2和72 g/hm2）和高剂量（有效成分1 039 g/hm2和108 g/hm2）于种植后施药1次,在生姜收获期的姜块中均未检出二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚残留。研究结果可为二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚在生姜上的合理使用及其最大允许残留限量（MRL）标准制定提供参考。  相似文献   

雷州半岛尾巨桉人工林树干液流对台风天气的响应          下载免费PDF全文

王志超  许宇星  竹万宽  杜阿朋 《林业科学研究》2017,30(4):679-684

[目的]为正确认识台风对桉树人工林蒸腾耗水的影响。[方法]采用热扩散茎流计对尾巨桉树干液流在台风前后进行连续监测,分析其对台风天气的响应,并同步测定林分气象条件,分析台风过程中树干液流与气象因子之间的相关性。[结果]表明:台风当天,树干液流密度与台风登陆前后(单峰)不同,呈不规律多峰型曲线,树干日均液流密度(2.89 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))较台风前减少53%,夜间液流波动较大;日间最大峰值(7.76 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))出现在下午,峰值较台风前降低55%,树干液流日通量极显著小于台风登陆前后;台风登陆前树干液流密度峰值(17.4 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))及平均液流密度(6.15 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))分别是台风登陆过后的1.24倍和1.14倍,台风后树干液流日通量较台风前均有所下降;台风当天,影响液流的主要气象因子为风速、大气温度、空气湿度、水汽压亏缺和降雨量,液流与风速的相关系数较台风前增大52%,与降雨量的相关系数是台风前的2.6倍,与其他因子的相关系数较台风前均下降了50%左右,而台风登陆前后之间的主要影响因子差异不大。[结论]台风当天的日均液流密度、白天的平均液流密度和日通量均极显著小于台风前后,而夜间液流显著大于台风前后;台风前后的日均液流密度差异不显著,夜间液流台风前显著大于台风后;台风过程中风速成为影响液流的关键因子,与太阳辐射相关性不显著,其他影响因子与台风前后相同,但相关系数除风速和降雨量外均显著下降。  相似文献   

杏树蒸腾与降水和冠层微气象因子的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高峻  吴斌  孟平 《北京林业大学学报》2010,32(3):14-20

利用热扩散植物液流技术(TDP)测定时间步长10min的杏树蒸腾数据,结合同步观测到的降水量和果树冠层微气象因子值,分析华北低山丘陵区杏树蒸腾耗水规律及其与降水、微气象因子关系。结果表明:1)杏树蒸腾速率具有明显昼夜变化特征,在夜晚杏树蒸腾速率很低,白天随着太阳辐射强度的逐渐增加,气温逐渐升高,蒸腾速率逐渐增强;而后,太阳辐射强度减弱,温度降低,蒸腾速度减小。且在同一生长期内晴、多云天气日的蒸腾速率高于阴天天气日。2)杏树在生长季(4—9月)、非生长季(1—3月、10—12月)蒸腾耗水量分别为294.4、68.4mm,分别占全年的81.1%、18.9%。从4月起,杏树的蒸腾耗水量迅速增加,5月和6月达到全年的峰值,此后杏树耗水量逐渐减小。3)年际总降水与杏树蒸腾量的比值为1.6,大于1.0,周年降水可以满足杏树蒸腾耗水的需要,但供(降水量)求(蒸腾量)比各月间差异很大。4)回归分析表明:杏树在主要生长期内蒸腾速率与冠层净辐射、空气温度、湿度、风速等气象因子有很好的相关性(R2=0.833),各气象因子与杏树蒸腾速率的相关程度为冠层净辐射相对湿度空气温度风速。  相似文献   

阴阳棚共用墙体不同季节的吸放热状况分析     

李丽平  张亚红 《北方园艺》2010,(15):80-84

对新近出现的阴阳结合型温室共用墙体的吸放热状况进行了测定。结果表明:休眠和通风时期,阴面的蓄热明显的低于阳面;露天生长时,阴面的吸热量在日出到8点时显著高于阳面,之后差异逐渐减小,但其吸热量始终小于阳面;不同季节,阴阳面的吸、放热量晴天均大于阴天;阳面在冬季蓄冷(2008年12月)到春季通风降温(2009年2月)期间,在测试的2点中,高度越高,蓄热量越多,散热量越少,其热量损失越小,3月份之后高度越高,蓄热量越少,散热量越多,其热量损失越大;而阴面全年中,均为高度越高,蓄热量越多,而散热量在冬季蓄冷的12月和1月时高度越高,散热量越少,其热量损失越小;而从春季通风到采收期间,则为高度越高,散热量越多,热量损失越大。  相似文献   

泵站前池非连续挑流消能防沙技术措施     

高传昌  王玉川  石礼文  刘伟  杨洪存 《排灌机械》2011,29(2):133-138

通过前池水力过流情况分析和改造前现场试验,发现前池流态紊乱导致了田山一级泵站机组的剧烈振动和颤振.提出了由非连续底坎、非连续挑流墩和两道压水板组成的非连续挑流消能防沙技术措施,并对改造后泵站的运行情况进行了现场试验.试验结果表明,采用技术措施改造后,前池、进水池流态和水泵进水条件得到了显著的改善,池中断面流速分布趋于均匀且断面紊动能量明显降低;测试机组单泵流量平均提高了0.14 m3/s,水泵效率平均提高了4.99%,泵站装置效率平均提高了3.88%;消除了泵体颤振,使水泵喇叭口振动标准由4.5级烈度降低到1.8级烈度;减缓了前池和进水池泥沙淤积,使试验前池和进水池清淤时间由改造前的运行800h延长至改造后的运行1 300 h,防沙效果良好.非连续挑流消能防沙措施为多泥沙河流泵站技术改造提供了一种简单有效的方法.  相似文献   

辽东栎不同方位边材液流季节动态及其对蒸腾耗水测算的影响     

张建国  闫美杰  时伟宇  杜盛 《水土保持学报》2011,25(3):193-197

利用Granier树干液流测定系统,对黄土高原半干旱区天然辽东栎树干不同方位的边材液流动态进行了长期监测,并同步监测环境因子(空气温度、湿度、太阳辐射等),分析了不同方位液流通量密度的相互关系、对液流通量和蒸腾耗水量测算的影响以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示,辽东栎东、西、南、北4个方位测得的液流通量密度存在显著差异,并显著相关。辽东栎生长季内(5-10月)单株日蒸腾耗水量分别与日总太阳辐射和日均白天空气水气压亏缺进行指数饱和曲线拟合,拟合效果较好。采用2个方位和1个方位树干液流通量密度测算的整株蒸腾耗水量与采用4个方位的测算值分别相差约18%和30%,说明不同方位之间的液流差异可能成为蒸腾耗水测算的重要误差来源。  相似文献