Water dynamics in soil-plant systems under grain farming in Northern Kazakhstan     

Shinya Funakawa  Iwao Nakamura  Kanat Akshalov  Takashi Kosaki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(8):1219-1227

The water dynamics and budget in soil-plant ecosystems under dry farming in northern Kazakhstan were investigated for two consecutive years from autumn in 1998 to the end of the cropping season in 2000. In total, 12 plots were established at the experimental farm of Barayev Kazakh Research and Production Center of Grain Farming, Shortandy, and the soil moisture content up to the 90 cm depth was measured several times throughout the period. In spite of snow management during the winter time, in which parallel snow rows were developed in order to accumulate additional snowfall between the rows, the increase in the soil moisture content at the time of thawing widely ranged from -40 to 74 mm in 1999 and from -6 to 84 mm in 2000, respectively. Monitoring of the soil temperature revealed that, in the plots after fallow, a higher moisture content in the frozen subsurface soil layer was responsible for the slow thawing there, resulting in slower water percolation from the overlying layers of the profile and 0n water loss through enhanced evaporation and possible surface runoff. After thawing, the soil moisture content decreased throughout the cropping season, except during several rainfall events. The evapotranspiration was estimated to range between 194 and 259 mm during the cropping season. The bNonmass and yield of wheat at harvest time were linearly correlated with the estimated evapotranspiration, indicating that crop production here was mostly determined by the amounts of available water. The initial soil moisture content accounted for 27 to 52% of the total evapotranspiratiou. In the summer fallow plots, 39 to 104 mm more water accumulated in 1999 and 100 to 119 mm in 2000 than in the cropped plots, respectively. Comparison of the water budgets during the pre-cropping and cropping seasons in the plots under fallow and cropping revealed that both summer fallow and snow management could increase the soil moisture content up to approximately 100 mm, but that the benefit of snow management would be occasionally canceled by the effect of the summer fallow. Given the possibly adverse effects of the summer fallow on enhanced decomposition of soil organic matter, we recommend that snow management should be the main approach for capturing water in the studied plots rather than the summer fallow practice. Further studies should be carried out to determine whether soil and /or topographical conditions are more effective for individual water-capturlng management and also are more suitable from economic and environmental viewpoints.  相似文献   

Differences in diet between two rodent species,Mastomys natalensis and Gerbilliscus vicinus,in fallow land habitats in central Tanzania     

《African Zoology》2013,48(2):387-392

Differences in the ecological niche requirements among rodent species competing in the same habitat may result from differences in the use of one to three resources: space, time and food or some combination of these. Alternatively, differences in resource use utilization among animal species may simply reflect availability of food, and when food is limited, different animal species compete. In this study, the diet of two rodent pest species, Mastomys natalensis and Gerbilliscus vicinus, coexisting in fallow land in central Tanzania were studied to assess the degree of diet differentiation among them. Dietary niche breadth of G. vicinus was greater than that of M. natalensis in all stages of the maize cropping seasons. The rodent species studied overlapped considerably in the food items consumed ranging from niche overlap (O_jk) of 0.77–0.89. Grains/seeds featured high in the diet of M. natalensis while plant material occurrence was high in G. vicinus. These two food categories may have contributed to differences in diet partitioning, which may, in turn, facilitate their coexistence in fallow land.  相似文献   

Screening of Seven Plant Species for Short‐Term Improved Fallows in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):1161-1170

Seven short‐fallow plant species were evaluated for their aboveground biomass production, nutrient accumulation, and weed suppression potential in Nkolbisson, Cameroon. The fallow species included Arachis pintoi, Vigna radiata, Desmodium intortum, Centrosema pubescens, Indigofera hirsutus, Indigofera spicata, and Pueraria phaseoloides. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications and seven treatments (fallow species). Twelve months after planting, highly significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed among fallow species for phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations, respectively, in plant tissue. Similarly, highly significant differences (p = 0.0013) occurred among fallow species for aboveground biomass production, which ranged between 3.12 t ha^?1 (I. spicata) and 9.16 t ha^?1 (A. pintoi). Potassium only showed highly significant differences among plant species for nutrient accumulation (p = 0.0001). However, A. pintoi, C. pubescens, I. hirsutus, and P. phaseoloides yielded substantial amounts of recycled N (>100 kg ha^?1 year^?1) that can benefit the subsequent crop. For small‐scale producers, these species are likely to supply adequate nitrogen for cereal crops. A total of 26 weed species belonging to 15 botanical families were encountered in the various plots. Weed dry weight differed significantly (p = 0.02) among the fallow plots and ranged from 0.12 t ha^?1 (in P. phaseoloides plots) to 2.32 t ha^?1 (in A. pintoi plots). Results of this study suggest that there are a wide range of plant species that could be used in improved fallow technologies aimed at improving nutrient‐degraded soils and suppressing weeds.  相似文献   

甘肃省休耕试点区域主要技术模式及实施效果     

高飞  崔增团  贾蕊鸿  郭世乾 《中国农学通报》2021,37(20):93-97

甘肃省是中国耕地休耕项目试点省份之一,休耕技术模式经3年时间的推广应用,实施面积不断扩大,不同休耕区域的技术模式基本成型。本文通过对休耕区及对照区连续3年监测数据的总结与分析,掌握了甘肃休耕耕地土壤理化性状变化的基本特征,监测结果表明：经3年休耕后,土壤蓄水保肥能力得到提升,土壤耕层厚度增加、容重降低,有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效硅等养分含量均表现为增加的趋势。其中,休耕试点区土壤容重较试点前略有降低,降低了0.01 g/cm³;休耕试点区土壤有机质含量较试点前明显增加,增加了4.6 g/kg,增幅为55.7%。通过休耕技术模式土壤肥力得到初步恢复,休耕措施对增加耕地土壤增产稳产潜力起到了的积极影响,休耕耕地的耕地质量等级提升了0.09等。土壤水溶性总盐含量和大部分水溶性离子均有所降低,土壤呈现脱盐化的趋势向良性发展,退化耕地障碍因素得到逐渐缓解。  相似文献   

秸秆覆盖对旱地玉米休闲田土壤水分状况影响研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

鲁向晖  隋艳艳  王飞  穆兴民 《干旱区资源与环境》2008,22(3):156-159

根据大田试验观测资料,研究分析了宁夏南部山区玉米休闲田进行秸秆覆盖处理后对土壤水分特征和土壤水分贮存量的影响。分析3种秸秆覆盖处理对土壤水分的垂直变差系数结果表明:传统无覆盖处理方式的土壤水分随深度的变化波动最为强烈,而整秸秆覆盖处理方式的土壤水分随深度的变化相对最弱;整个休闲期内土壤水分含量均以整秸秆覆盖处理最高,半秸秆覆盖次之,分别比传统无覆盖处理增加2.68%和1.19%,两种秸秆覆盖方式可使0~80cm土层的土壤蓄水能力对降水的敏感度提高;休闲期结束后,整秸秆覆盖处理的土壤水分贮存量(236.80mm)最高,半秸秆覆盖(224.10mm)次之,传统无覆盖(208.45mm)最低。  相似文献   

氮磷钾配施对马铃薯净光合速率的影响研究     

黄科  刘明月  何长征  宋勇  熊兴耀 《湖南农业科学》2011,(15)

针对南方冬闲田马铃薯生产中重氮磷肥,轻钾肥的现状,采用3414设计方案,研究了冬闲田马铃薯在不同肥料水平下光合特性,结果表明:氮素在0～18 kg/667m2范围内与马铃薯植株净光合速率呈直线正相关;P2O5与马铃薯植株净光合速率呈曲线相关;K2O在0～25 kg/667m2范围内与马铃薯植株净光合速率呈负相关,而钾水平高于25 kg/667m2后,净光合速率表现为趋于稳定在一个较低的水平;通过DPS分析,得出在该冬闲田肥力水平下马铃薯的最佳N、P、K施肥组合为每667 m2纯N 18.00 kg,P2O5 5.77 kg,K2O 39 kg,可获得1 833.8 kg/667m2的理论产量。  相似文献   

雨滴击溅下薄层水流的输沙机理研究     

李光录  吴发启  赵小风 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2009,37(9):149-154

【目的】探讨雨滴打击下薄层漫流的输沙机理,为建立细沟间薄层水流泥沙输移预报模型提供理论依据。【方法】采用人工模拟降雨试验,以无雨滴打击为对照,对黏性土壤在直径2.68 mm和3.02 mm雨滴击溅作用下,不同坡度坡面(2°和4°)细沟间薄层水流深度(h)与土壤侵蚀量、泥沙含沙量、扰动系数(Cr)关系进行了研究。建立了黄土缓坡坡面扰动系数的预测方程。【结果】雨滴击溅下坡面薄层水流土壤侵蚀量较无雨滴击溅时显著增大,击溅雨滴直径越大,侵蚀量越大,与水深呈对数规律变化。在雨滴击溅作用下,泥沙含沙量随水深的增加呈减小趋势,且雨滴直径越大,减小幅度越大,这与无雨滴击溅时薄层水流的泥沙含沙量变化相反,表明雨滴击溅作用是薄层水流泥沙输移的主要动力。雨滴击溅作用对薄层水流的扰动系数随水流深度的增大呈线性减小趋势;对侵蚀性黄土而言,2.68 mm雨滴击溅下,无扰动水深为6.94 mm;3.02 mm雨滴击溅下,无扰动水深为7.20 mm。【结论】雨滴击溅作用是薄层水流泥沙剥蚀的主要动力。  相似文献   

旱地麦田休闲期覆盖对土壤水分积耗的影响及与产量的关系   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

陈梦楠  孙敏  高志强  任爱霞  杨珍平  郝兴宇 《中国农业科学》2016,49(13):2572-2582

【目的】明确旱地麦田休闲期覆盖的增产效果,探索旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水技术途径,为促进旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的提高提供理论依据。【方法】于2010-2013年在山西省闻喜县邱家岭村以冬小麦品种运旱20410为试验材料,设休闲期深翻后覆盖与不覆盖2个处理,测定休闲期和小麦各生育时期土壤水分及产量和产量构成因素,研究休闲期覆盖对麦田土壤水分积耗规律和小麦产量、水分利用效率的影响。【结果】休闲期覆盖后播种期3 m内土壤蓄水量提高,丰水年提高47 mm,平水年提高55 mm,欠水年提高63 mm,且欠水年更有利于土壤水分蓄保于深层。休闲期覆盖后土壤蓄水效率显著提高,丰水年提高35%,平水年提高48%,欠水年提高101%,且蓄水效果至开花期仍显著。休闲期覆盖后生育期耗水量虽显著增加,但休闲期耗水量显著降低,因而周年总耗水量无明显变化。休闲期覆盖后拔节前耗水比例显著降低,拔节后耗水量及日平均耗水量显著增加,拔节后耗水比例增加,尤其在欠水年休闲期覆盖对生育后期耗水有较大调控作用。休闲期覆盖后产量和产量构成因素均显著提高,其中对穗数影响最大,尤其在欠水年提高了19%,且欠水年对穗粒数和千粒重的影响也较大,最终丰水年产量提高30%,平水年提高35%,欠水年提高50%。此外,在休闲期覆盖条件下,各生育阶段的耗水量与产量均密切相关,尤其是拔节后的耗水量。结果还表明,休闲期覆盖处理,每多蓄1 mm播种期土壤水分可增产17-26 kg·hm^-2,每多消耗1 mm生育期土壤水分可增产22-26 kg·hm^-2,且降水生产效率和水分利用效率均显著提高,尤其欠水年更能高效用水。【结论】休闲期覆盖有利于蓄积休闲期降水直至开花期;有利于实现降水周年调控,减少生育前期耗水,增加生育中后期耗水;有利于优化产量构成因素,尤其穗数,提高产量,最终实现降水的高效利用。在欠水年,休闲期覆盖的蓄水增产效果最佳。  相似文献   

黄土高原区基肥对农田土壤水肥和产量的影响     

刘孝利  陈求稳  曾昭霞 《现代农业科学》2008,(10):25-29

黄土高原区农业用地土壤水分含量,尤其是播种前土壤水贮量是制约当年作物萌发和产量形成的重要因子,粗放的管理和低下的降雨贮存效率以及降雨的季节分布不均加重了该区土壤水蚀和养分的流失,该区休闲期较长(当年九月底到次年四月底),因此休闲期土壤水分恢复的研究尤其重要。研究施肥管理的改变,着重于休闲期开始时基肥对休闲期间土壤剖面水分的恢复、播种前土壤微生物量碳、生长季土壤水分动态和产量形成的影响。实验设八个基肥处理:对照((CK)不施肥),氮肥(N),磷肥(P),氮肥磷肥(NP),有机肥(M),氮肥有机肥(NM),磷肥有机肥(PM),氮肥磷肥有机肥(NPM)。2004-2005连续两年实验结果显示,不同基肥处理对雨季降雨入渗效率的影响有明显差异,NPM处理最优,CK最差,施氮处理优于施磷处理。NPM基肥处理休闲期土壤水分恢复增量显著高于其他基肥处理,微生物碳含量显著高于其他基肥处理。2004年小麦产量和2005年土豆产量与播种前2m土壤剖面水贮量有很强的正相关趋势或显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.621,0.774*(p<0.05);雨季前土壤含水量与雨季后土壤含水量呈明显负相关趋势,雨季前后土壤剖面水分增量与同年作物产量均为显著正相关。  相似文献   

夏闲覆盖和种植方式对黄土旱塬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

《灌溉排水学报》2019,(4)

【目的】充分利用夏闲期降水,提高旱地麦田土壤蓄水保墒能力,增产增收。【方法】通过3 a田间试验,研究了夏闲期秸秆残膜二元覆盖+垄膜沟播(JCLG)、夏闲期黑网膜覆盖+露地条播(HWLT)与夏闲期秸秆覆盖+露地条播(JLT)3种栽培措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分及产量的影响。【结果】JCLG处理可显著提高小麦产量、生物量、降水生产效率,较JLT处理分别提高9.5%～35.1%,13.2%～42.2%,8.8%～35.6%。同时JCLG处理具有良好的休闲期蓄水效率,较JLT处理平均提高29.5%,平水年二者差异显著。HWLT处理也具有良好的水分休闲效率和增产效果,较JLT处理平均提高22.5%和18%。播前2 m土壤贮水量和耗水量、产量、生物量均呈极显著相关关系,一定程度上根据播前土壤贮水量来预测当地冬小麦产量。【结论】JCLG处理和HWLT处理2种覆盖种植方式均适宜在黄土旱塬乃至我国旱地麦区推广应用,且以夏闲期秸秆残膜二元覆盖+垄膜沟播(JCLG)方式效果更佳。  相似文献