Effect of improved fallow on crop productivity, soil fertility and climate-forcing gas emissions in semi-arid conditions     

Nicola M. Hall  Bocary Kaya  Jan Dick  Ute Skiba  Amadou Niang  Ramadjita Tabo 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(3):224-230

The impacts of fallow on soil fertility, crop production and climate-forcing gas emissions were determined in two contrasting legumes, Gliricidia sepium and Acacia colei, in comparison with traditional unamended fallow and continuous cultivation systems. After 2 years, the amount of foliar material produced did not differ between the two improved fallow species; however, grain yield was significantly elevated by 55% in the first and second cropping season after G. sepium compared with traditional fallow. By contrast, relative to the unamended fallow, a drop in grain yield was observed in the first cropping season after A. colei, followed by no improvement in the second. G. sepium had higher foliar N, K and Mg, while A. colei had lower foliar N but higher lignin and polyphenols. In the third year after fallow improvement, a simulated rainfall experiment was performed on soils to compare efflux of N₂O and CO₂. Improved fallow effects on soil nutrient composition and microbial activity were demonstrated through elevated N₂O and CO₂ efflux from soils in G. sepium fallows compared with other treatments. N₂O emissions were around six times higher from this nitrogen-fixing soil treatment, evolving 69.9 ngN₂O–N g⁻¹soil h⁻¹ after a simulated rainfall event, compared with only 8.5 and 4.8 ngN₂O–N g⁻¹soil h⁻¹ from soil under traditional fallow and continuous cultivation, respectively. The findings indicate that selection of improved fallows for short-term fertility enhancement has implications for regional N₂O emissions for dry land regions.  相似文献   

Soil microbial populations and activities as influenced by legume green fallow in a semiarid climate     

V.O. Biederbeck  R.P. Zentner  C.A. Campbell 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(10):1775-1784

Tilled fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F-W) is the most commonly used cropping system in the semiarid Canadian prairie. However, because frequent fallowing degrades soil, a partial fallow with annual legumes as green manure [i.e. ‘green fallow’ (GF)] has been proposed as a soil conserving and more bio-resource efficient alternative to bare fallow. We conducted a 6-year study to compare the influence of four GF-W, a F-W and a continuous W (Cont. W) system, on soil microbial communities, microbial biomass (MB) and activities in an Orthic Brown Chernozem, silt loam (Aridic Haploboroll) at Swift Current, Sask., Canada. The four GF legumes used were black lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), Tangier flatpea (Lathyrus tingitanus L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and feedpea (Pisum sativum L.). They were grown to full bloom and then incorporated with a tandem disk. Analysis of soil taken from 0 to 10 cm depth after growing wheat in the sixth year of the experiment (i.e. 15 months after the most recent legume GF had been turned under) showed that most of the soil biochemical and microbiological attributes assessed were significantly improved (compared to F-W) by increasing cropping intensity (Cont. W), and even more by using the GF systems. The average improvement gained from the four GF legumes relative to F-W, was 385% for number of bacteria, 210% for filamentous fungi, 170% for MB-C, 191% for MB-N, 205% for cumulative C mineralization in 30 days at 21 °C, 202% for dehydrogenase, 171% for phosphatase, and 287% for arylsulfatase activity. The biologically active C and N, when expressed as ratios of MB-C or MB-N to total soil C or N, increased from 1.6 and 2.0% in F-W to 1.9 and 2.6% in Cont. W and to an average of 2.4 and 3.5% in GF-W. A sensitivity analysis (ratio of other treatment values to value for F-W) showed that Cont. W, and the GF-W systems even more, increased all major soil biological attributes tested. Among the GF systems, lentil-W consistently increased sensitivity the most, while Tangier flatpea-W usually increased it the least. The dynamic direct and indirect microbiological attributes were more sensitive indicators of changes in soil productivity than total organic C or N. The sensitivity of the attributes decreased in the sequence: Bacteria>Arylsulfatase>Filamentous fungi≈Cumulative C mineralization≈Dehydrogenase>MB-N>Phosphatase≈MB-C. Compared to the earlier published sensitivities of select physical and chemical attributes of soil quality to these same agronomic treatments, the microbiological attributes proved to be far more sensitive and more responsive to the beneficial influence of legume green fallowing in this semiarid loam.  相似文献   

论南方红黄壤地区饲草开发利用的几种途径     

李科云  罗爱兰 《中国生态农业学报》1995,3(3):47-51

本文在论述我国南方红黄壤地区的自然特征、社会经济、资源与环境现状的基础上，对如何开发利用该区饲草进行了探讨，指出保护和改善生态环境，积极实行林草结合、种养结合、粮草轮作和发展种草配套养鱼以及调制人工干草制品，是该区丘陵山地发展饲草的有效途径。  相似文献   

Maize Yields as Affected by Short- and Long-Term Improved Fallows: A Comparative Analysis in the Asian Humid Tropics     

R. Schelbert  U. R. Sangakkara  P. Stamp 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(6):411-415

Improved short‐ or long‐term fallows are considered suitable low external input technologies for maintaining productivity and sustainability of tropical smallholder upland cropping units, although comparisons on the benefits of this technology are not widely reported. A field study evaluated the impact of improved short (6 months) and long‐term fallow (18 months) using Crotalaria juncea and Tithonia diversifolia, in relation to a natural fallow of the same durations, on the productivity of maize (Zea mays), the most important upland cereal in tropical Asia, over a minor season. The use of improved fallows, especially Tithonia, increased maize yields over the Crotalaria or natural fallow. While the overall yields of maize after a long fallow were greater, the beneficial impact of the green manures was significantly higher in the short fallows. The causal factors for this trend, including biomass production of the improved fallows and possible impact on soils, along with the greater benefits of short‐term fallows for increasing maize yields in the tropics due to lower requirements of unproductive time are presented.  相似文献   

浅析北京奥林匹克公园的植物造景艺术     

杨恒  李继爱  孙健  郭燕  曾凡景  赵惠恩 《山东农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2012,43(1):129-136

北京奥林匹克公园是2008年北京奥运会留给我们的宝贵财富,是北京人民休闲娱乐的后花园。本文重点对奥林匹克公园龙形水系和休闲花园的植物造景艺术进行了详细分析,包括丰富的植物种类和特点突出的植物配置形式,以引为城市园林的典范。  相似文献   

Plant availability and leaching of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer residues retained in agricultural soil for 25 years: A lysimeter study     

Peter Sørensen  Betina N. Pedersen  Ingrid K. Thomsen  Jørgen Eriksen  Bent T. Christensen 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2023,186(4):441-450

Background

A high use-efficiency of fertilizer N remains essential to sustain high crop productivity with low environmental impact. However, little is known on the long-term lability of mineral fertilizer N.

Aims

To quantify crop uptake and leaching of ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizer that has been retained in an agricultural soil for 25–30 years in crops with variable growing season.

Methods

A field plot received ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizers over a period of 5 years and was then kept under arable cropping for 12 years. After relocation to 16 lysimeters, the topsoil grew set-aside grassland for the next 13 years. Then crop uptakes and leaching losses of ¹⁵N remaining in soil was tested over a 2-year period by either converting set-aside grass to production grassland, or by replacing it with spring barley (+/− autumn cover crop) or vegetation-free fallow. All treatments received unlabelled mineral N fertilizers.

Results

Crop uptake and leaching of ¹⁵N were generally highest in the first test year after termination of the set-aside. The leaching of residual ¹⁵N in soil declined in the order: vegetation-free soil (4.7%), spring barley (1.9%), spring barley + cover crop (0.7%) and production grassland (0.2%). Corresponding losses for the second leaching period were 2.7%, 0.9%, 0.4% and 0.06%. There was a fixed relationship between leaching losses of ¹⁵N and total N.

Conclusions

After residing in soil for 25–30 years, the lability of labelled mineral N fertilizer residues appeared slightly higher than the lability of bulk soil N. Autumn vegetation was crucial for reducing leaching losses.  相似文献   

休闲期耕作对旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其相关酶活性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵红梅  高志强  赵维峰  邓联峰  孙敏  邓妍 《麦类作物学报》2013,33(2):331-338

为给旱地小麦高产优质栽培提供理论依据,通过大田试验研究了旱地小麦休闲期不同时间深翻、深松对0～300 cm土壤蓄水量、小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其与氮代谢相关酶活性关系的影响.结果表明,休闲期深翻或深松均可提高旱地小麦播前0～300 cm土壤蓄水量,且欠水年效果明显,以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好.休闲期耕作均显著提高了小麦蛋白质产量.耕作时间对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响因降雨年型不同而异,欠水年的休闲期耕作均显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量;丰水年在麦收后15d耕作显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,而麦收后45 d耕作则显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,尤其显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,从而改善了品质.此外,丰水年麦收后45 d耕作可提高花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,降低花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性;籽粒蛋白质的累积在麦收后15d耕作条件下与籽粒GDH活性关系密切,而麦收后45 d耕作条件下与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性相关性较大.总之,旱地小麦休闲期耕作在不同降雨年型下均可起到良好的蓄水保墒作用,且欠水年效果较明显;耕作时间对土壤水分、小麦氮代谢酶活性、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量具有较大的调控效应,休闲期雨后耕作有利于籽粒蛋白质形成,且深翻效果较好.  相似文献   

Making Tropical Succession and Landscape Reforestation Successful     

Robin L. Chazdon 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(7):649-658

Forests are dynamic ecosystems, spatial mosaics of localized disturbances and regenerating vegetation. Following forest conversion to human land uses, expanding forest cover follows four different modes of reforestation: (a) spontaneous natural regeneration; (b) assisted natural regeneration; (c) agroforestry; and (d) commercial tree plantations. Natural regeneration fundamentally depends on the alignment of ecological and social factors at landscape scales. A deeper socioecological understanding of reforestation in the tropics will lead to the development of effective policies and governance structures that enhance forest cover and ecosystem services, protect biodiversity, and improve forest-dependent livelihoods.  相似文献   

耕地利用强度评价方法的县域休耕适用性——以曲周县为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

牛家恒  江丽  陈鑫  丁晨阳  安萍莉 《中国农业大学学报》2019,24(7):156-166

为研究耕地利用强度评价方法的县域休耕适用性,以曲周县为例,对比基于种植强度、农业投入产出、土地集约利用、土地利用时序性的4种耕地利用强度评价体系。结果表明:1)基于土地利用时序性和基于投入产出的耕地利用强度评价方法对曲周休耕的适用性较好,可从宏观层面辅助区域休耕决策;2)基于种植强度和基于土地集约利用的耕地利用强度评价结果与曲周县耕地利用特征较为不符,不宜应用于曲周县休耕。4种评价方法均是对区域耕地利用强度的宏观评价,若从微观层面评价耕地利用强度,制定具体休耕措施需引入地块尺度的区分不同耕作方式的指标。  相似文献   

黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价及改进策略研究     

曹颖  雷鸣  孔祥斌  程静怡  刘鑫  党昱譞  姚东恒  廖宇波 《中国农业大学学报》2023,28(5):163-174

为在耕地休养生息背景下开展地下水休耕政策过程绩效评价,以黄淮海平原为研究对象,通过对黄淮海平原的2 个市、5 个县政府相关部门和农户实地调查,以公共价值理论为基础,构建地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价指标体系,并辅以层次分析法、专家打分法等方法对地下水严重超采区休耕政策过程绩效进行评估。结果表明:1)明晰了黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策公共价值体现并从公平性、参与性、效率性、可持续性等4 个维度构建休耕政策过程绩效评价指标体系;2)黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评估总得分为74.38分,绩效等级处在“较好”的水平;3)休耕政策实施过程的关键环节包括休耕政策面积落实环节、资金管理和使用环节、政府组织环节、政策生态目标认识环节;休耕政策实施过程的薄弱环节,包括休耕政策面积落实环节、资金管理和使用环节、政府组织和论证环节。综上,本研究构建的地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价体系具有系统性、科学性和可操作性,可为休耕政策实施过程定量评价提供了研究思路和支撑。  相似文献