黄土高原休闲期深松后覆盖播种对旱地小麦产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨清山  孙敏  高志强  张慧芋  张娟  梁艳妃  李念念 《干旱地区农业研究》2019,37(2):158-166

为明确旱地麦田休闲期深松、生育期覆盖对土壤水分的影响及其与产量构成因素的关系,探索旱地小麦增产增效的最佳蓄水保墒土壤管理技术,于2014-2016年在山西省闻喜县旱地麦田进行大田裂区试验,以休闲期深松和当地传统耕作（对照）为主区,以全膜覆土穴播、膜际条播、常规条播三种播种方式为副区,研究休闲期深松、生育期覆盖播种对土壤水分和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：两试验年度休闲期深松耕作显著提高了播种期土壤蓄水量,0~300 cm土层较传统耕作多蓄水达24~33 mm;越冬-成熟期土壤蓄水量提高了12%~16%,休闲期土壤蓄水效率显著提高了18%~24%,降水生产效率提高了6%~11%,水分利用效率显著提高了15%~23%。2 a休闲期深松较对照小麦产量分别提高了12%~16%、18%~24%。休闲期深松条件下两种覆盖播种模式较常规条播产量显著提高了9%~13%、8%~21%;对照条件下,产量分别提高了6%~13%、12%~19%。2 a膜际条播较全膜覆土穴播产量分别提高了3%~7%、6%~12%,降水生产利用效率和水分利用效率均以膜际条播最高。年份对产量和穗数有极显著影响,休闲期深松效果大于播种方式效果。此外,本试验条件下,穗数的形成与越冬期上层土壤水分、拔节期中层土壤水分、孕穗期深层土壤水分相关性极显著。产量的形成与越冬期上层、拔节期上层和中层、孕穗期和开花期深层水分相关性极显著。休闲期深松可实现蓄水增产,土壤蓄墒每增加1 mm,2 a休闲期增墒增产量分别达26 kg·hm^-2、46 kg·hm^-2,且结合膜际条播蓄水对产量的贡献最高。总之,休闲期采用深松、生育期采用覆盖,均有利于提高花前土壤水分,增产主要通过提高穗数来实现,且降水少的年份增产效果明显。因此,休闲期深松结合生育期膜际条播处理是兼顾高产蓄水高效的耕作栽培方式。  相似文献   

Maize and sesbania production in relay cropping at three landscape positions in Malawi     

A. D. K. Phiri  G. Y. Kanyama-Phiri  S. Snapp 《Agroforestry Systems》1999,47(1-3):153-162

The relay cropping of sesbania (Sesbania sesban) — a N₂-fixing legume — with maize (Zea mays) has been proposed as a strategy to increase soil fertility and food production in densely populated areas in southern Africa. We determined the production of relay-cropped maize and sesbania at three landscape positions under researcher-designed and farmer-managed conditions in southern Malawi. Three landscape positions (dambo valley or bottomland, dambo margin with < 12% slope, and steep slopes with > 12% slope) were examined in factorial combination with N sources for maize (no added N, relay-cropped sesbania, and calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer). Relay cropping of sesbania with maize increased maize grain yield, as compared to unfertilized sole maize in two of three years. Split application of 96 kg N ha^–1 as N fertilizer, however, was more effective than sesbania in increasing maize yields. Survival of sesbania seedlings and biomass production of sesbania were greater in the dambo valley and dambo margin than on steep slopes. Maize yields tended to be lower on steep slopes than in the dambo valley and dambo margin areas. Biomass production of sesbania and hence the potential benefits of intercropping sesbania with maize appear greater in the dambo valleys and dambo margins than on steep slopes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

休闲稻田消解沼液生态效应及其对水稻安全生产影响研究     

姜丽娜  王强  李艾芬  钱士明  符建荣  马军伟  叶静  汪建妹 《农业环境保护》2011,(12):2483-2490

为研究利用休闲稻田消解沼液生态效应及对后季水稻安全生产、土壤肥力及质量的影响,在浙江省嘉兴市脱潜潴育型水稻土青紫泥田上,进行4年定位田间试验,考察了休闲季灌施不同用量沼液对水稻产量、稻谷、土壤中有害重金属含量差异以及土壤中养分含量的变化,提出休闲稻田沼液消解安全容量。研究结果表明：休闲稻田灌施沼液可有效消解单一水稻轮作制地区沼气工程冬春季产生的沼液,每公顷休闲稻田每年安全消纳沼液3000t,后季水稻可在不施化学氮、钾肥,减半施用磷肥的基础上获得与全化肥处理相近或略高的产量;休闲季灌施沼液对土壤肥力有明显改善作用,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾都明显高于不灌沼液处理,但除土壤速效钾和缓效钾外,各种养分含量年度递增趋势并不明显,没有出现养分过度累积导致的富营养化;与全化肥处理相比,休闲季灌施沼液后土壤及稻谷中有害重金属含量没有明显增加;综合沼液灌溉对产量、土壤质量、稻谷安全品质监测结果,在水稻生产安全、土壤可持续利用的目标下,确定休闲稻田沼液安全消解容量为N1500kg·hm-2。  相似文献   

黄土区夏闲期土壤呼吸变化特征及其影响因素   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

车升国  郭胜利  张芳  李泽  夏雪 《土壤学报》2010,47(6):1159-1169

本文以1984年设立在黄土旱塬区长期田间定位试验为平台,于2009年采用动态密闭气室法(Li-8100,USA),监测了不同施肥措施下旱地冬麦种植系统中休闲期(7月至9月)土壤呼吸、10cm土层的温度和含水量变化,研究了休闲期土壤呼吸变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:黄土旱塬农田休闲期土壤呼吸速率变化剧烈,最大值为5.05μmol m-2s-1,最小值为0.06μmol m-2s-1,平均值为2.00μmol m-2s-1,变异系数为116.5%;整个休闲期不同施肥处理的土壤呼吸速率大小为:化肥有机肥配施处理(NMP)有机肥处理(M)化肥氮磷处理(NP)化肥氮处理(N)和不施肥处理(CK);2009年7月7日至9月11日间NPM、M、NP、N和CK处理土壤CO2-C排放量分别为2.0、1.6、1.2、0.8和0.8 Mg hm-2;土壤呼吸与土壤水分为极显著抛物线关系(p0.01),可解释55%以上的土壤呼吸变异性;土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈显著线性相关(p0.01),但仅能解释呼吸作用变异性的19%~39%;土壤呼吸对耕作的响应强度与微生物量碳极显著线性正相关(p0.01),与土壤有机碳显著线性正相关(p0.05),与全氮、可溶性碳无明显关系(p0.05);降雨对土壤呼吸的促进或抑制主要取决于降雨前的土壤水分状况。长期水分亏缺降雨,降雨可明显促进土壤呼吸,而土壤水分充足时,降雨抑制土壤呼吸,其影响大小与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤可溶性碳和微生物量碳密切相关。休闲期土壤呼吸受土壤水分、土壤干湿变化、土壤温度、翻耕及土壤有机碳水平等因素的影响。  相似文献   

休闲期耕作对旱地小麦土壤水分、花后脯氨酸积累 及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

赵红梅  高志强  孙敏  赵维峰  李青  邓妍  杨珍平 《中国农业科学》2012,45(22):4574-4586

【目的】研究休闲期不同时间耕作对土壤水分、花后旗叶和籽粒脯氨酸积累、籽粒蛋白质积累的影响,旨在探索休闲期一次性耕作的蓄水保墒技术,为旱地小麦高产、优质提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验设定前茬小麦收获后15 d、45 d两个时期,深翻、深松两种耕作方式（以未耕作为对照）,研究其对播前0-300 cm土壤蓄水量,花后旗叶和籽粒脯氨酸含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性动态变化,籽粒蛋白质含量动态变化的影响及花后脯氨酸含量与两种氮代谢酶活性的关系。【结果】休闲期深翻或深松均可提高旱地小麦播前0-300 cm土壤蓄水量,且欠水年效果明显,以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好。休闲期耕作降低了花后旗叶脯氨酸含量、花后5-15 d籽粒脯氨酸含量、旗叶和籽粒GDH活性,提高了籽粒GS活性、籽粒蛋白质产量。但耕作时间在不同降雨年型对旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量的影响存在差异,在欠水年,休闲期耕作降低了旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量;在丰水年,麦收后15 d耕作降低了旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量,而麦收后45 d耕作则相反。休闲期耕作条件下,旱地小麦播前土壤蓄水量与籽粒脯氨酸含量的相关性高于与旗叶脯氨酸含量的相关性。前茬小麦收获后15 d耕作条件下,旗叶脯氨酸含量与旗叶GDH活性相关性较大,籽粒脯氨酸含量与旗叶GS活性相关性较大;前茬小麦收获后45 d耕作条件下,旗叶脯氨酸含量与籽粒GDH活性相关性较大,而籽粒脯氨酸含量与两种酶活性无显著相关性。【结论】休闲期耕作有利于蓄水保墒,且欠水年效果较明显,有利于降低花后旗叶脯氨酸含量及灌浆前期籽粒脯氨酸含量,减缓花后小麦干旱胁迫,由于脯氨酸含量与两种氮代谢酶有一定相关性,从而影响籽粒蛋白质积累。休闲期耕作的时间对土壤水分、花后脯氨酸积累、籽粒蛋白质积累有较大的调控效应,且以休闲期等雨后耕作有利于籽粒蛋白质形成,深翻效果较好。  相似文献   

冬闲田土免耕种植黑麦草在黔东南的应用示范   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

喻启元  赵熙贵  吴佳海  熊先勤 《贵州农业科学》2007,35(4):96-97,100

根据冬闲田土免耕种植黑麦草在黔东南的种植应用情况,介绍了黔东南种植1年生黑麦草的气候及土地资源条件及在冬闲田土的栽培模式、栽培技术、利用方式及生产上推广应用的效果;2004~2006年,黔东南州免耕有效种植黑麦草2.00万hm2,收获鲜草169914.70万kg,直接经济效益16991.47万元(0.10元/kg鲜草),纯收入10569.80万元(扣出每667m2种草成本214.29元),养畜19.98万个牛单位(1个牛单位/1000.50m2),纯收入12906.05万元(646.00元/1个牛单位),总利润23475.85万元,户均收入1752.52元(免耕种植12.33万户),人均纯收达437.00元。  相似文献   

Improved fallow with pigeon pea for soil fertility improvement and to increase maize production in a smallholder crop–livestock farming system in the subhumid zone of Ghana     

A. A. Abunyewa  K. N. Karbo 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2005,16(5):447-454

Pigeon pea is cultivated by most smallholder crop–livestock farmers mainly as a border crop. It is quite often sparsely intercropped in cereal‐based cropping systems in the subhumid zone of Ghana. Management of pigeon pea and its biomass is a promising means of improving many abandoned arable fields but has not been consciously undertaken. The objective of this trial was to explore the use of pigeon pea and the management of its pruned biomass as part of an improved fallow for crop–livestock farming. Three pigeon‐pea management options and a natural fallow (two‐year fallow period) were compared in terms of maize grain yield and changes in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity. Pigeon pea grain yield ranged between 615 and 678 kg ha⁻¹ and 527 and 573 kg ha⁻¹ in the first and second year of fallow, respectively. In the first year after fallow, maize grain yield ranged between 0·43 and 2·39 t ha⁻¹ and was significantly influenced by the fallow system. There was a marked decrease in maize grain on the pigeon pea fallow plots in the second year, ranging between 50 and 38·6 per cent in Kumayili and between 42·6 and 17·6 per cent in Tingoli. After the two‐year fallow period, increase of soil organic carbon on the pigeon pea fallow plot compared with the natural fallow plot was 30·5 per cent, and there was an improvement of total nitrogen (48·5 per cent) and CEC (17·8 per cent). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

城市居民休闲生活方式的阶层差异与空间环境的再创造     

张妍  于海 《林业科技情报》2011,43(2):95-97

城市是指适宜人居住的场所,人们在城市中生活应该感到自由、舒适和快乐,其本质在于休闲功能的实现.本文通过对老年人、中青年人以及儿童这几种不同阶层人群的特点分析,了解不同人群对住区休闲环境的需要,住区休闲娱乐活动空间在很大程度上决定了居民的休闲模式,直接影响到人们休闲生活的质量,对于满足居民的日常休闲娱乐活动需求、更好的进...  相似文献   

Long‐term effects of soil management regimes on carbon contents and respiration rates of aggregate size fractions          下载免费PDF全文

S. Zhang  J. Li  X. Yang  B. Sun 《Soil Use and Management》2016,32(4):525-534

This study investigated long‐term effects of soil management on size distribution of dry‐sieved aggregates in a loess soil together with their organic carbon (OC) and their respiratory activity. Soil management regimes were cropland, which was either abandoned, left bare fallow or cropped for 21 yr. Abandonment increased the abundance of macroaggregates (>2 mm) in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and reduced that of microaggregates (<0.25 mm) relative to Cropping, whereas the Fallow treatment reduced the abundance of macroaggregates at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm. All treatments yielded similar aggregate size distributions at a depth of 20–30 cm. The SOC content of aggregate size fractions in the surface soil from the Abandoned plots was greater (by 1.2–4.8 g/kg) than that of the corresponding fractions from the Cropped plots, but the opposite trend was observed in the subsurface soils. Conversely, the Fallow treatment reduced the SOC content of every aggregate size fraction. Smaller aggregates generally exhibited greater cumulative levels of C mineralization than larger ones. However, the bulk of the SOC losses from the soils via mineralization was associated with aggregates of >2 mm. Abandonment significantly increased the relative contribution of macroaggregates (>2 mm) to the overall rate of SOC loss, whereas the Fallow treatment significantly reduced the contribution of 0.25–2 mm aggregates to total SOC loss in the surface soil while substantially increasing their contribution in the subsurface soil.  相似文献   

Investigation of Johne's disease in Tasmanian fallow deer (Dama dama)     

RB Jackson  DJ Kennedy  ESG Sergeant 《Australian veterinary journal》2021,99(1-2):44-45

In 2012 when many sheep flocks in northern‐central Tasmania were experiencing a high prevalence of ovine Johne's disease, 34 wild adult fallow deer shot on or near infected properties were negative to microscopic Mptb lesions of the ileo‐caecal valve, terminal ileum and ileo‐caecal lymph nodes. This study demonstrated 95% confidence of detecting Johne's disease in this fallow deer population if ≥10% of animals were shedding Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in their faeces, or if ≥21% of animals were sub‐clinically infected.  相似文献