Towards sustainable farming systems: Effectiveness and deficiency of the French procedure of sustainable agriculture   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Mohamed Gafsi  Bruno Legagneux  Genevive Nguyen  Patrice Robin 《Agricultural Systems》2006,90(1-3):226-242

There is a widespread consensus about the importance of sustainable agriculture. In France, the Farming Orientation Law of July 1999 has set down a precise procedure for the implementation of sustainable agriculture: the contrat territorial d’exploitation – or territorial farm contract (TFC). This paper aims to analyse the TFC effectiveness. An analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France, using statistical analysis and qualitative surveys of a sample of farms. The results show that the most valuable effects have been mainly economic. Effects regarding social and environmental aspects were very limited. But from the point of view of an integrated approach, indirect effects of TFCs can be observed on social and environmental aspects. These results are explained, on the one hand, by farmers’ motivations guided by economic objectives, and on the other hand, by the dominance of professional farming organisations in the implementation of TFC’s procedure. Given these results, two ways of improving the elaboration procedure for TFCs are proposed. Firstly, technical improvements can be made to the diagnostic assessment of farms, and to the choice of actions addressed by the contract. Secondly, organisational improvements can be applied to TFCs elaboration and implementation process, in order to adopt a participatory approach which would involve all rural stakeholders.  相似文献   

干燥系统室体结构传热特征参数及其试验方法     

高青  吴喜军 《农业机械学报》1997,28(3):43-46

依据传热的基本原理，提出了分析干燥系统室体结构传热特性的特征参数新概念，实现了干燥室隔热体传热系数的非稳态测量，并可同时确定蓄热当量系数。在建立室体传热非稳态分析理论的基础上，提出了相应的试验分析方法，并进行了理论分析及试验验证。  相似文献   

Finding niches for whole-farm design models – contradictio in terminis?     

B. Sterk  M.K. van Ittersum  C. Leeuwis  W.A.H. Rossing  H. van Keulen  G.W.J. van de Ven 《Agricultural Systems》2006

Whole-farm design models quantitatively analyze the effects of a variety of potential changes at the farm system level. Science-driven technical information is confronted with value-driven objectives of farmers or other social groupings under explicit assumptions with respect to exogenous variables that are important drivers of agricultural systems (e.g., market conditions). Hence, farm design is an outcome of objective specification and the potential of a system. In recent publications, whole-farm design modelling has been proposed to enhance (farm) innovation processes. A number of operational modelling tools now offers the opportunity to assess the true potential of whole-farm design modelling to enhance innovation. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is not trivial to find niches for the application of goal-based farm models. Model outcomes appeared not to match questions of farm managers monitoring and learning from their own and other farmers’ practices. However, our research indicates that whole-farm design modelling possesses the capabilities to make a valuable contribution to reframing. Reframing is the phenomenon that people feel an urge to discuss and reconsider current objectives and perspectives on a problem. Reframing might take place in a situation (i) of mutually felt dependency between stakeholders, (ii) in which there is sufficient pressure and urgency for stakeholders to explore new problem definitions and make progress. Furthermore, our research suggests that the way the researcher enters a likely niche to introduce a model and/or his or her position in this niche may have significant implications for the potential of models to enhance an innovation process. Therefore, we hypothesize that the chances of capitalizing on modelling expertise are likely to be higher when researchers with such expertise are a logical and more or less permanent component of ongoing trajectories than when these researchers come from outside to purposefully search for a niche.  相似文献   

Conversion to organic arable farming in The Netherlands: A dynamic linear programming analysis     

S. Acs  P.B.M. Berentsen  R.B.M. Huirne 《Agricultural Systems》2007

Several studies show that organic farming is more profitable than conventional farming. However, in reality not many farmers convert to organic farming. Policy makers and farmers do not have clear insight into factors which hamper or stimulate the conversion to organic farming. The objective of this paper is to develop a dynamic linear programming model to analyse the effects of different limiting factors on the conversion process of farms over time. The model is developed for a typical arable farm in The Netherlands central clay region, and is based on two static liner programming models (conventional and organic). The objective of the model is to maximise the net present value over a 10-year planning horizon. The results of the analysis of a basic scenario show that conversion to organic farming is more profitable than staying conventional. In order to arrive at the actual profitable phase of organic farming, the farmer has to pass through the economically difficult 2-year conversion period. Sensitivity analysis shows that if depreciation is 25% higher than conventional fixed costs due to machinery made superfluous by conversion, conversion is less profitable than staying conventional. Also the availability of hired labour, which can be constrained in peak periods, has a strong effect on the cropping plan and the amount of area converted. Further analysis shows that a slight drop (2%) in organic prices lowers the labour income of the farmer and makes conversion less profitable than conventional farming. For farmers, a minimum labour income can be required to ‘survive’. The analysis shows that constraint on minimum labour income makes stepwise conversion the best way for farmers to overcome economic difficulties during conversion.  相似文献   

6102B型柴油机曲轴三维有限元模态分析与试验研究   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12  

韩松涛  郝志勇 《农业机械学报》2001,32(4):74-77

采用三维有限元方法对6102B型柴油机的曲轴进行了动态特性分析和研究，在计算中充分考虑了主轴承刚度对曲轴振动特性的影响，采用了具有约束的有限元模型，通过计算，得出了该曲轴在1kHz内的固有频率分布情况，并对600Hz以内的振型情况进行了分析，为了验证计算的合理性，经过6102B型柴油机曲轴振动情况的实际测试，发现计算结果和试验结果基本吻合，从而为今后曲轴的振动计算和有限元分析提供了新的计算依据。  相似文献   

水稻旱作覆膜节水增产试验研究     

吴珠明  时光宇  鲍炳钧 《中国农村水利水电》2001,(2):22-23

通过水稻旱作全程覆膜与半程覆膜、旱作不覆膜及水栽对比试验，研究其耗水规律，计算其节水量与增产量，并进行经济效益分析，提出了适合本地区的栽培模式。  相似文献   

Comparison of Commonly Carried Liquids Against Commercial Ultrasound Gel for Use in the Backcountry Setting     

《The Forestry Chronicle》2023,34(2):135-142

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非定常水射流的调制原理及形成方法     

田长留  孟超 《排灌机械》2005,23(3):35-38

从理论上论述了非定常水射流的调制原理，特别是对射流的液珠化过程以及调制后射流与靶体的碰撞作了较详细的分析。简要概括了形成非定常水射流的各种外间断法和内调制法，并分析了各种方法的优缺点。通过对这些方法进行比较，得出激振荡射流和混沌调制冲击射流是比较有发展前途的水射流技术。  相似文献   

柴油机机体的模态分析与减振设计     

方华  袁兆成  王天灵  马振中  张元勤  赵凤君 《农业机械学报》2004,35(4):33-35

采用 ANSYS有限元分析软件 ,对一直列 6缸柴油机机体进行了模态分析 ,并与实验模态分析结果相比较 ,验证了计算模型的正确性。在该模型的基础上 ,从增加刚性和减少质量方面进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,铝制机体以及梯形框架结构和加强板结构均可减小机体的振动 ,进而降低发动机的噪声。  相似文献   

农业资源环境价值与评估方法     

王舒曼  诸培新  吴丽梅  谭荣 《农机具之友》2007,(3)

农业资源环境价值,尤其是对农业资源环境非市场价值的认识,是农业资源核算所面临的首要问题。文章在分析传统经济学价值理论的基础上,提出了可持续发展的自然资源价值观,认为只有从可持续发展出发认识自然资源价值,才能建立科学的自然资源核算价值理论。对农业资源价值给予全面、准确的评估并将其纳入资源价格体系是农业资源可持续利用的关键。为此,经济学家创建了一系列的价值评估方法。  相似文献