The potential of alley farming in humid West Africa — a re-evaluation     

J. E. Sumberg  A. N. Atta-Krah 《Agroforestry Systems》1988,6(1-3):163-168

Previously published hypothesis concerning the potential impact of alley farming on maize yields are re-examined relative to the humid regions of West Africa. When more realistic assumptions regarding the availability of organic nitrogen are used, it is concluded that alley farming may have potential in a wider range of maize yield environments in West Africa than previously proposed. A pragmatic approach to alley farming research is proposed, and the importance of on-farm research in the development of ‘farmer friendly’ alley farming is stressed. (Former Agronomist, International Livestock Centre for Africa, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria)  相似文献   

Incidence and Severity of Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) in Alleys between Leucaena Hedgerows in Kenya     

E. K. Koech  R. Whitbread 《New Forests》2006,31(3):385-402

The effects of inter-row spacing of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit in an alley cropping system on the incidence and severity of rust (Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger) on intercropped beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and their yield were examined over 2 years (1993 and 1994) at Chepkoilel Campus in Kenya. Each experiment consisted of three randomized blocks with treatments of three alley widths (2 m, 4 m and 8 m) and a treeless control with two intra-row spacings of Leucaena (0.5 m and 1.0 m). Hedgerows were coppiced at 1.0 m height and pruned subsequently at 2–3 months intervals. No fertilizer was applied but Leucaena loppings were incorporated as green leaf manure. Rust on beans was assessed at three growth stages in each season, using the Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) scales. Microclimate was monitored in treatments, in 1994. Bean growth and yield were also measured. Rust increased with increasing alley width and was less severe in bean rows adjacent to hedgerows. Bean yield was highest in the treeless control plots and declined with decreasing alley width. Beans in 2 m alleys had significantly lower (p < 0.05) yields than 8 m alleys and treeless control plots. Bean growth was greatly modified in 2 m alleys and close to hedgerows. Light availability and diurnal temperature increased with alley width but relative humidity and leaf wetness duration decreased. Proximity to hedgerows also had marked effect on microclimate. The changes in yield, rust incidence and severity were examined in relation to microclimate, inoculum survival and dispersal.  相似文献   

Growth of four tree species managed as hedgerows in response to liming on an acid soil in West Sumatra,Indonesia     

C. I. Evensen  T. S. Dierolf  R. S. Yost 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,27(3):207-222

A hedgerow intercropping study was conducted for 7 years in West Sumatra, Indonesia on an acid and highly Al-saturated soil to determine growth and yield responses of tree hedgerows and upland rice and cowpea intercrops. Three tree species,Paraserianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, andGliricidia sepium and a no-tree control were planted at three lime rates with low annual fertilizer inputs of 20 kg P and 50 kg K ha^–1.Paraserianthes andCalliandra grew vigorously, whileGliricidia grew poorly and was replaced after four years withFlemingia macrophylla. After four years,Paraserianthes yields declined due to tree mortality, probably due to intensive pruning.Calliandra andFlemingia were well adapted to intensive pruning (4 to 6 times per year). Gliricidia growth was especially limited by low soil Ca availability and high soil acid saturation.Calliandra andFlemingia yields increased with liming only in the last several years of the study whileParaserianthes did not respond to lime. The species can be tentatively ranked in response to lime as:Gliricidia > Calliandra > Flemingia > Paraserianthes.  相似文献   

Alley cropping of sorghum with Leucaena during the post-rainy season on Vertisols in semi-arid India     

G. R. Korwar  G. D. Radder 《Agroforestry Systems》1997,37(3):265-277

A field experiment was conducted for two years (1989– 1991) on a Vertisol in Bijapur, India in a split-plot design, replicated four times, to evaluate the potential of alley cropping post-rainy season sorghum between Leucaena hedgerows. Leucaena produced on average 2.74 t per ha of prunings and 1.57 t per ha of wood annually. Alley cropping decreased sorghum yields by 28 to 45% when all Leucaena prunings were removed from the system and by 21 to 24%, when on average 1.92 t per ha prunings were applied to the soil annually. The reduction of sorghum yield increased as higher rates of N were applied to sorghum. Although alley cropping increased organic carbon by 21% and available N by 19% at the time of crop sowing, it did not result in increased crop yields because of competition for water between hedgerows and crops. Calculation of land equivalent ratios based on total Leucaena biomass indicated that alley cropping was more productive than sole cropping of sorghum only in one year, and that, too, when no N was applied to sorghum. Therefore, alley cropping of Vertisols with post-rainy season sorghum is not likely to have any advantage in the short term. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Microclimate and soil moisture effects of three intercrops on the rows of a newly-planted intercropped plantation     

P. A. Williams  A. M. Gordon 《Agroforestry Systems》1995,29(3):285-302

Trees are grown in intercropping systems for a variety of purposes including wood products, fuelwood, fruit, forage or conservation purposes. No matter what end use, different tree/crop combinations interact differently resulting in differential growth rates of the trees during establishment. Preliminary work has shown that seedling growth and survival of trees are related to their intercrop and the results of this study help to explain these findings. Soil water potential, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, windspeed, and light (photosynthetic photon flux density — PPFD) were measured throughout the growing season in the clean-weeded treerows within crops of corn, soybeans and winter wheat. Crop height and biomass were also measured. This study was conducted during the 1992 growing season which was unusually cool and wet from mid June into the winter. The growth of winter wheat, measured by crop height and above-ground biomass, was earlier in the season than that of soybeans and corn, and this pattern affected the environmental conditions in the tree rows. Soil water potential was affected with associated effects on soil temperature (in combination with other factors). Crop height drastically reduced windspeed in the corn treatment from July through winter, also affecting PPFD and soil temperature later in the year. Although many microclimate differences were relatively small, data from subsequent years as well as associated soil moisture studies and additional years will help to further elucidate these relationships.  相似文献   

Influence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) intercropping and polyethylene mulching on early growth of walnut (Juglans spp.) in central Italy     

P. Paris  F. Cannata  G. Olimpieri 《Agroforestry Systems》1995,31(2):169-180

Combined production of timber and forage species is considered to be a desirable land-use system to offset some of the current land management problems of Italy. This paper reports the early results of a study on intercropping young plants of walnut with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), with or without polyethylene mulching, in an experimental plantation in central Italy. Two genotypes of walnut were used:Juglans regia L. and the French hybrid NG23×RA. The seasonal changes of absolute and relative growth rates of walnut stem diameter and apical shoot length were investigated.During both growing seasons, alfalfa intercropping strongly decreased walnut growth, whereas polyethylene mulching promoted stem height and diameter growth. Stem growth of intercropped-and-mulched walnut was the same as that of sole walnut under clean cultivation management. The use of polyethylene mulching reduced or avoided the competitive effect of associated alfalfa on walnut growth. During both growing seasons, the intercropped-and-mulched walnut had higher relative growth rates than intercropped-unmulched walnut. The results show the effectiveness of polyethylene mulching in promoting early growth of walnut, even when intercropped with alfalfa during early stages of plantation establishment.  相似文献   

氮肥后移及间作对玉米光合特性的耦合效应     

徐珂  樊志龙  殷文  赵财  于爱忠  胡发龙  柴强 《中国农业科学》2022,55(21):4131-4143

【目的】针对绿洲灌区覆膜玉米氮素需求前移,后期脱肥问题,通过探讨氮肥后移对间作玉米光合生理特性及产量的影响,以期揭示间作玉米产量形成的光合机制。【方法】2019—2021年,在河西绿洲灌区以玉米为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,主因素为种植模式,设玉米间作豌豆和单作玉米2个水平,副因素为3个施氮制度（氮肥后移20%,氮肥后移10%,常规施氮不后移）,研究氮肥后移及间作模式下,玉米的光合生理特性和产量表现。【结果】与常规施氮不后移相比,氮肥后移20%和氮肥后移10%处理下间作玉米籽粒产量分别提高28.5%、13.8%,生物产量分别提高23.8%、12.5%;单作玉米籽粒产量分别提高29.7%、13.3%,生物产量分别提高19.6%、10.3%。相同占地面积下,间作较单作玉米籽粒产量增加33.2%—35.1%,生物产量增加26.8%—31.5%。同时,氮肥后移20%和氮肥后移10%处理较常规施氮不后移提高了间作群体籽粒产量27.2%、12.9%。说明,间作较单作模式可提高玉米产量,且氮肥后移处理较常规施氮促进了间作产量的提高。与单作模式相比较,间作玉米可保持较高的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,较低的胞间CO₂浓度,且氮肥后移处理具有促进作用。氮肥后移20%、氮肥后移10%较常规施氮不后移处理玉米净光合速率分别提高12.8%、6.0%;气孔导度分别提高14.0%、6.9%;蒸腾速率分别提高20.5%、9.5%;胞间CO₂浓度分别降低29.8%、13.1%。间作模式下,氮肥后移20%、氮肥后移10%处理玉米全生育期叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD值）较常规施氮不后移处理分别提高7.5%、3.7%。主成分分析结果表明,氮肥后移和间作主要通过提高净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶片相对叶绿素含量和降低胞间CO₂浓度来增加玉米产量。【结论】氮肥后移20%（玉米拔节期追肥36 kg·hm^-2+吐丝后15 d追肥108 kg·hm^-2）有利于间作玉米光合特性提高,从而促进玉米增产。  相似文献   

种植密度对玉米-大豆带状间作下大豆光合、产量及茎秆抗倒的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

程彬  刘卫国  王莉  许梅  覃思思  卢俊吉  高阳  李淑贤  AliRAZA  张熠  IrshanAHMAD  敬树忠  刘然金  杨文钰 《中国农业科学》2021,54(19):4084-4096

【目的】阐明玉米-大豆带状间作下大豆植株冠层在不同种植密度下的光环境变化规律,明确种植密度对间作大豆叶片光合特性、产量形成及茎秆抗倒的影响,为构建寡日照地区间作大豆合理群体密度提供理论参考。【方法】本研究以大豆（川豆-16）和玉米（正红-505）为试验材料。采用双因素随机区组设计,主因素为种植方式,设玉米-大豆带状间作和大豆带状单作2个水平,副因素为大豆的3个种植密度（PD1=17株/m²,PD2=20株/m²,PD3=25株/m²),研究种植密度对间作大豆冠层内部光环境变化、叶片光合特性、植株生长动态、田间倒伏率及产量构成等的影响。【结果】2年结果表明,在玉米-大豆带状间作系统中,大豆生长中后期受高位作物玉米遮荫和自荫性增加的影响,其植株群体冠层内部的光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶面积指数（LAI）、叶片光合能力、分枝数及产量显著降低,但受玉米影响的程度因大豆种植密度的不同而不同。在间作模式下,PD1和PD2处理的大豆植株群体冠层光合有效辐射比PD3处理分别增加了45.4%和24.8%,净光合速率分别增加了46.1%和12.3%,单株有效荚数分别增加了53.2%和27.2%,单株分枝数分别增加了270.4%和140.9%,田间倒伏率分别降低了50.3%和19.3%。相关性分析发现,间作大豆的田间倒伏率与冠层内部光合有效辐射、叶片净光合速率、茎秆抗折力、茎叶干物质比、单株分枝数及单株有效荚数呈显著负相关,与株高、叶面积指数和单株无效荚数呈显著正相关。【结论】在玉米-大豆带状间作模式下,20株/m²的大豆密度（PD2）有利于创造良好的群体冠层内部光环境,降低植株田间大豆倒伏率,增加光合产物积累,从而提高大豆产量。  相似文献   

不同品种与播期对麦棉套作棉花生长、产量及棉铃空间分布的影响     

刘太杰  刘锦涛  万素梅  赵欣欣  冯璐  李亚兵  杜文丽  王国平  陈国栋  吴全忠 《新疆农业科学》2021,58(8):1382-1391

【目的】在麦棉两熟种植模式下,研究不同品种与播期对棉花生长、产量以及棉铃空间分布的影响,为棉花播期及品种选育提供依据。【方法】在大田试验中,设置裂区试验,以2个早熟棉品种锦科707和鲁棉2387为主区,4个播期5月10日(SD₁),5月20日(SD₂),5月30日(SD₃),6月10日(SD₄)为副区,分析不同品种和播期对棉花生育期进程、叶面积指数、干物质积累、棉株内部铃重及空间分布的影响。【结果】(1)随着播期的推迟,2个品种均表现为苗期不变,蕾期缩短,开花期和吐絮期先缩短后延长的趋势,锦科707在SD₁处理,鲁棉2387在SD₂处理下有利于营养器官向生殖器官转移;(2)品种和播期对棉花产量存在显著的互作效应,锦科707在SD₁处理下皮棉产量最高,为1 873 kg/hm²,鲁棉2387在SD₂处理下皮棉产量最高,为1 767 kg /hm²;(3)锦科707在SD₁处理中,上部和中部铃重最大,而下部铃重SD₃最大,鲁棉2387在SD₂处理中,下部、中部、上部铃重均高于其他处理。同一品种不同播期间,下部和中部成铃分布比例随播期的推迟而增加,而上部则成铃分布比例随播期的推迟而降低。【结论】在黄河流域麦棉套作种植模式下,过晚播种会导致产量严重降低,锦科707在5月10日,鲁棉2387在5月20日左右播种较为适宜。  相似文献   

温室生草对南疆桃叶片、果实质量的影响     

杨梦宇  张琦  袁振杨  陈俊  闫利 《中国农业科技导报》2021,23(3):178-185

为研究生草对南疆温室桃叶片、果实品质及产量的影响,通过在温室桃园行间生草,设置间种小黑麦（triticale,T1）、间种三叶草（trifolium,T2）和清耕（CK）3个处理,运用模糊数学隶属函数法对桃树叶片、果实品质和产量指标进行综合评价,筛选出最优处理。结果表明,温室桃园间种小黑麦和三叶草均能使桃树叶面积增大,叶片变厚,叶绿素含量和叶片养分增加。与CK相比,T1和T2处理的桃树叶片厚度分别增加了0.21和0.02 mm,总叶绿素含量分别增加了0.27和0.10 mg·g^-1,叶片全钾含量分别增加1.40和0.26 g·kg^-1。生草间种还能显著提高果实单果重、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量以及可溶性固形物含量。与CK处理相比,T1和T2处理的单果重分别提高了14.80和10.28 g,可溶性固形物含量分别增加了1.63%和1.26%。生草间种也提升了桃树结果枝的坐果率,增加了单位面积产量。整体看,温室桃园间种小黑麦在改善果实品质和提高产量的效果优于间种三叶草,研究结果可为南疆温室桃的优质栽培生产提供理论支持。  相似文献