Biocrusts modulate warming and rainfall exclusion effects on soil respiration in a semi-arid grassland     

《Soil biology & biochemistry》2015

Soil surface communities composed of cyanobacteria, algae, mosses, liverworts, fungi, bacteria and lichens (biocrusts) largely affect soil respiration in dryland ecosystems. Climate change is expected to have large effects on biocrusts and associated ecosystem processes. However, few studies so far have experimentally assessed how expected changes in temperature and rainfall will affect soil respiration in biocrust-dominated ecosystems. We evaluated the impacts of biocrust development, increased air temperature and decreased precipitation on soil respiration dynamics during dry (2009) and wet (2010) years, and investigated the relative importance of soil temperature and moisture as environmental drivers of soil respiration, in a semiarid grassland from central Spain. Soil respiration rates were significantly lower in the dry than in the wet year, regardless of biocrust cover. Warming increased soil respiration rates, but this response was only significant in biocrust-dominated areas (>50% biocrust cover). Warming also increased the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ values) of soil respiration in biocrust-dominated areas, particularly during the wet year. The combination of warming and rainfall exclusion had similar effects in low biocrust cover areas. Our results highlight the importance of biocrusts as a modulator of soil respiration responses to both warming and rainfall exclusion, and indicate that they must be explicitly considered when evaluating soil respiration responses to climate change in drylands.  相似文献   

不同青苔发病程度下柑橘叶片营养及叶际生物特征分析     

杨蕾  张云贵  杨海健  李勋兰  洪林 《浙江农业学报》2020,32(4):632

为探讨不同青苔发病程度下柑橘叶片矿质营养元素含量和叶表生物群落结构的变化特征之间的关系,本研究对重庆江津区李市和白沙两个不同地点柑橘果园中的W·默科特叶片青苔病发生程度按G0~G5分级并进行病情指数统计,测定各病情等级下叶片的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、硼(B)这10种矿质营养元素含量,同时利用高通量测序技术测定叶片叶际真核生物的群落组成、丰度、差异,分析了不同病情等级下叶际生物特征与营养之间的关系。结果表明:两样地的柑橘青苔发病程度和病情特征较为一致。李市和白沙两个果园W·默科特叶片青苔病病情等级均与P、Mg含量显著负相关,与K、Ca含量显著正相关。不同病情等级下叶际真核生物在属水平上存在明显差异,病情等级1下优势属是Heterochlorella、Sporidiobolus和Cladosporium,病情等级2下优势属是Heterochlorella、Symmetrospora和Microsporomyces,病情等级3下优势属是Heterochlorella、Cladosporium和Sporidiobolus,病情等级4下优势属是Heterochlorella、Cladosporium和Heveochlorella,病情等级5下优势属是Heterochlorella、Cladosporium和Microsporomyces;在种水平上,主要病原生物uncultured Apatococcus、Cladosporium herbarum、Heveochlorella hainangensis的相对丰度较高,且与病情等级呈极显著正相关关系。进一步分析显示,叶片中P、Fe、Mg、Mn、Cu、N含量与叶片生物群落结构之间关系密切,主要病原生物uncultured Apatococcus、Cladosporium herbarum与P含量极显著负相关,与Ca含量极显著正相关。综上所述,柑橘青苔病与叶片P和Ca两种元素关系最为密切,青苔病发生程度高低可直接影响叶片中P和Ca的含量。  相似文献   

Differences in bacterial community structure between three types of biological soil crusts and soil below crusts from the Gurbantunggut Desert,China     

Yubing Liu  Zengru Wang  Lina Zhao  Xing Wang  Lichao Liu  Rong Hui  Wenli Zhang  Peng Zhang  Guang Song  Jingyao Sun 《European Journal of Soil Science》2019,70(3):630-643

  相似文献   

人工生物土壤结皮特性及其集雨潜力的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

周贵连  张万军 《中国生态农业学报》2012,20(10):1329-1333

为探讨在太行山半干旱区利用人工土壤生物结皮进行集雨的潜力和可行性,以自然生长的生物土壤结皮为种子,通过培育建立人工土壤生物结皮和生物结皮集雨,对人工土壤生物结皮建成后土壤物理性状、渗透率的变化及人工生物结皮集雨面的集流效率进行了研究。结果表明,人工土壤生物结皮与自然生长的生物结皮一样,可显著改变土壤的颗粒组成,使0~1 cm表层土壤的小颗粒物质含量增加、大颗粒物质减少,但对0~5 cm的土壤容重影响不显著。对土壤入渗速率的测定结果表明,人工培育的土壤生物结皮具有降低入渗速率的作用,与自然土壤相比,生物结皮的土壤初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率分别下降59.1%和44.4%,达到稳定入渗的加水量也减少50.0%。人工营建的生物结皮集雨面的平均集雨效率达60.86%,与自然土面相比,提高23.0%。对集雨面效益分析表明,生物结皮集雨面不仅具有较高的集雨效果,且使用年限较长,并具有明显的减少地表径流沉积物含量,提高土壤抗蚀性的作用。综上结果可以看出,人工土壤生物结皮是一种极具潜力的绿色环保型集雨材料。  相似文献   

甘肃省兴隆山天然林下苔藓凋落物蓄积量及持水特性     

李国林  魏强  凌雷  张广忠  柴春山 《水土保持通报》2014,(3):300-304

2010年,采用野外实地观测与室内浸水法,对甘肃兴隆山青杄林、青杄—白桦林林下苔藓和凋落物的累积量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明:(1)青杄—白桦林和青杄林下苔藓及凋落物层总厚度7.10~8.30cm,总重量24.66~30.69t/hm2,青杄—白桦林均高于青杄林;(2)苔藓层最大持水率明显高于凋落物层,但凋落物层最大持水量是苔藓层的11.15倍;(3)苔藓层和凋落物层持水率在开始浸水时增加较快,0.5h后增幅逐渐减慢,浸水10h后基本趋于某一稳定值;(4)凋落物层最大拦蓄量、有效拦蓄量分别是苔藓层的10.41和10.27倍;凋落物层在对降水二次分配及在吸持降水过程中发挥着重要作用,并且位于主导地位。  相似文献   

土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征   总被引：16，自引：12，他引：4  

吴秋菊  吴发启  王林华 《农业工程学报》2014,30(1):73-80

为了深入探讨土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制以及两者之间的关系,以10°坡为例,在变流量(1.0,1.4,2.0,2.4和2.8 L/min)条件下进行室内冲刷试验,研究土壤结皮坡面径流水动力学特征(平均流速、平均径流深度、雷诺数、水流剪切力、水流功率、阻力系数)并分析坡面流水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明,土壤结皮对坡面流水动力学参数影响显著。土壤结皮坡面雷诺数始终小于500,坡面流流态为层流;土壤结皮坡面具有较大坡面流流速,较小径流深度、水流剪切力和水流功率。结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量明显低于无结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量。土壤侵蚀量与坡面水动力学参数相关关系显著(相关系数R0.90),土壤侵蚀量与雷诺数呈线性正相关,与水流剪切力、水流功率的对数呈线性正相关,与阻力系数呈线性负相关。因此,在本研究中,单纯从径流冲刷侵蚀的角度土壤结皮的存在有利于减小坡面土壤侵蚀量。由于降雨因素对土壤结皮的侵蚀效应影响较大,将雨滴打击与径流冲刷相结合才能更好地研究土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制。  相似文献   

荒漠念珠藻对UV-B辐射的反应及外源抗氧化剂的保护作用     

邓松强  杨翠琨  安晓亮  胡超珍  陈兰洲 《干旱区研究》2012,29(5):816-819

通过分析UV-B辐射对荒漠结皮中的藻类--Nostoc sp.生物学效应的影响,以及外源抗氧化剂对UV-B辐射下藻类的保护作用。结果表明：Nostoc sp.的光合活性[WTBX](Fv/Fm)[WTBZ]随紫外处理强度的增大和处理时间的延长而显著降低,叶绿素荧光产量和相应光合参数（ET₀/ABS、ET₀/TR₀和RC/CS₀）降低,活性氧ROS（reactive oxygen evolution）产量显著增加,光合活性降低。而外源抗坏血酸（ASA）和半胱氨酸（NAC）的加入,可以显著提高紫外辐射条件下藻体的光合活性,降低ROS含量,从而有效保护藻类,且抗坏血酸的效果要优于半胱氨酸。实验结果表明：处于藻类结皮上层的Nostoc sp.有较强的对UV-B辐射的抗性,而外源抗氧化剂可以有效保护藻体免受紫外辐射的伤害。  相似文献   

Biological crusts as a model system for examining the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship in soils     

Matthew A. Bowker  Fernando T. Maestre  Cristina Escolar 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(3):405-417

Despite that soils may be the greatest repository of biodiversity on Earth, and that most terrestrial ecosystem functions occur in the soil, research on the role of soil biodiversity in ecosystem function has lagged behind corresponding research on aboveground organisms. Soil organisms pose special problems to biodiversity-function research, including the fact that we usually do not know their identity nor what they do in soil ecosystems, cannot easily estimate their biodiversity, and cannot culture the majority of the organisms for use in manipulative experiments. We propose here that biological soil crusts (BSCs) of deserts and many other ecosystems may serve as a useful model system for diversity-function research because the species concept is relatively well-defined within BSC organisms, their functional attributes are relatively well-known, and estimation and manipulation of biodiversity in experiments are feasible, at least within some groups of BSC biota. In spite of these features, there is a pronounced lack of research on biodiversity-function using these organisms. At least two complementary approaches are possible: experiments using artificially-constructed BSCs, and observational studies which statistically control for the effects of other factors which are likely to covary with biodiversity. We applied the latter to four observational datasets collected at multiple spatial scales in Spain and the United States using structural equation models or path analysis using ecosystem function indicators relating to hydrology, trapping and retention of soil resources, and nutrient cycling. We found that, even when total BSC abundance and key environmental gradients are controlled for, direct and approximately linear relationships between species richness and/or evenness and indicators of ecosystem functioning were common. Such relationships appear to vary independently of region or spatial scale, but their strength seems to differ in every dataset. Functional group richness did not seem to adequately capture biodiversity-function relationships, suggesting that bryophyte and lichen components of BSC may exhibit low redundancy. More research employing the multi-trophic, multi-functional, and manipulable BSC system may enable more rapid understanding of the consequences of biodiversity loss in soils, and help enable a biodiversity-function theory that is pertinent to the numerous ecosystem services provided by soil organisms.  相似文献   

Soil crusts and deposits as sheet erosion indicators in southern Mali   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

F. Bodnár  & J. Hulshof 《Soil Use and Management》2006,22(1):102-109

Rills are indicators of erosion, easily recognized by farmers and extension workers. However, they are rare on fields in Mali with slopes of 0–3%, even though run‐off and sheet erosion may be a problem. The suitability of three other soil surface features as erosion indicators was therefore investigated: (1) structural crusts formed by rainfall impact without lateral soil movement; (2) in situ depositional crusts, formed by sedimentation leaving the finest particles on top; and (3) run‐off deposits of fine and coarse sand, formed after the removal of finer particles. Feature (1) occurred on the elevated parts and ridges, whereas (2) and (3) occurred in lower parts and in furrows. Soil cover with a run‐off deposit of coarse sand proved to be a suitable indicator and this was well explained by erosion risk: a 2% increase in slope related to a 9% increase in deposit cover. The extent of this deposit also related well to cotton yield from the previous season: a 30% increase in deposit cover was reflected in a 23% decrease in cotton yield. Only a few farmers confirmed that the deposits were produced by erosion. It is recommended that soil and water conservation programmes pay more attention to the presence of crusts and deposits.  相似文献   

外源添加物对沙地苔藓结皮扩繁发育的促进作用     

白雪强  田畅  李亚红  鞠孟辰  王春  韦应欣  卜崇峰 《水土保持学报》2020,34(6):172-177,184

人工苔藓结皮作为一种新型的防风固沙潜在途径而备受关注，为进一步优化现有的培育扩繁技术，采用4因素2水平正交试验设计，探讨了菌类（放线菌和巨大芽孢杆菌）、藻类（小球藻和具鞘微鞘藻）、沙蒿胶（有和无）和基质类型（沙土基质和配方基质）对沙地苔藓结皮室内发育扩繁的影响。结果表明：（1）4因素中仅基质类型显著影响了苔藓结皮的盖度和株密度（P<0.05），沙土基质处理的苔藓结皮盖度和株密度均值比配方基质处理分别提高61.04%和17.48株/cm²；（2）藻类、菌类和基质类型显著影响了苔藓的生理特性（P<0.05），而沙蒿胶影响不显著。沙土基质、放线菌和小球藻的添加显著提高了苔藓的过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白含量，降低了丙二醛（MDA）含量；（3）最适扩繁组合为"沙土基质+放线菌（1 g/kg基质）+小球藻（2 g/m²）"，在30天内，上述组合在培养箱条件下（光照设定为6 000 lx，光周期12 h/d，温度20℃，空气湿度75%），可将1 m²野外苔藓种源培育为4 m²盖度达97.14%的苔藓结皮，实现4倍扩繁。研究结果将为今后大规模工厂化高效扩繁苔藓种源提供技术支撑。  相似文献