针阔混交林凋落物对土壤呼吸的影响     

周利军  陈剑桥  曾红娟 《湖南林业科技》2014,(1):81-86

以位于长江三峡库区的重庆缙云山针阔混交林为研究对象,利用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统对林地有凋落物和无凋落物两种土壤呼吸速率进行了观测。结果表明:(1)有无凋落物对土壤温度、土壤含水量均无影响;(2)有凋落物和无凋落物土壤呼吸的昼夜变化都呈现为单峰曲线,下午14:00左右达到峰值,并且无凋落物土壤呼吸速率小于有凋落物土壤呼吸速率;(3)有凋落物和无凋落物土壤呼吸季节变化趋势都表现为双峰型,峰值分别出现在7月和9月;(4)针阔混交林通过土壤呼吸释放的CO2量达到24.05 t/hm2,其中由凋落物释放的CO2达到5.09 t/hm2,占总CO2释放量的21.16%,说明凋落物对土壤呼吸影响显著。  相似文献   

贵州草海底泥-上覆水中氮磷含量时空分布特征     

张家春  林绍霞  张清海  何腾兵  林昌虎 《广东农业科学》2014,41(9):184-188

为促进贵州高原湿地草海的可持续发展,改善草海水环境状况,恢复草海保护区的湿地功能,研究了草 海在丰水期和枯水期的底泥及上覆水的氮磷时间和空间分布特征,并以叶地表水环境质量标准曳作为评价依据对草 海水质进行评价。结果表明,两个时期草海底泥TN 和TP 呈现中等程度的空间变异性。丰水期草海底泥TN 的空间 特征是S 区跃N 区跃E 区,丰水期和枯水期底泥碱解氮含量为S 区跃N 区跃E 区;丰水期底泥有效磷含量分布规律为E 区跃N 区跃S 区,枯水期底泥有效磷含量为E 区跃S 区跃N 区。丰水期和枯水期草海底泥TN、碱解氮含量由南至北逐渐 升高,西至东逐渐升高。草海的东水域区的各项指标数值都比西水域区高。草海底泥及上覆水中主要是草海周边农 田化肥、周边村落畜禽养殖所产生的粪尿和居民的生活污水。应重视农业生产中对废弃物和废水排放量的限制。  相似文献   

岱海沉积物中AVS-SEM分布特征及重金属生物有效性研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

楠定其其格  何江  吕昌伟  都达古拉  张京  李传镇  郭霞  侯兆洁 《农业环境科学学报》2014,33(1):155-161

以内蒙古的岱海为研究对象,分析了表层及柱状沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步提取金属(SEM)的含量及重金属总量ΣSEM,并对沉积物重金属潜在生态风险进行了初步评价。研究表明:表层沉积物中AVS含量范围为2.72~98.49μmol·g-1(平均值为21.71μmol·g-1),水平分布上表现出自北西向南东逐渐增加的趋势;ΣSEM含量范围为6.99~22.51μmol·g-1(平均值为15.51μmol·g-1),水平分布上表现出自南东向北西逐渐增加趋势。沉积柱芯中,AVS含量的变化范围为4.20~114.91μmol·g-1(平均值为31.55μmol·g-1),不同沉积柱芯中AVS垂向分布波动较大;沉积柱芯中酸提取ΣSEM范围为7.67~21.10μmol·g-1(平均值为15.38μmol·g-1),ΣSEM含量与AVS相比几乎恒定。表层沉积物中ΣSEM/AVS1的站位(1、2、3、5、10和12)较多,表明岱海表层沉积物中重金属存在产生生物毒性的可能性;表层和柱芯沉积物中Cd、Hg和As不会对水生生物产生毒性效应,Cu、Pb和Zn有对底栖生物产生毒性效应的可能,应给予相应重视。  相似文献   

辽宁省近岸海洋环境质量状况与趋势评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋伦  周遵春  王年斌  吴金浩  姜北 《水产科学》2007,26(11):613-618

根据2004—2006年辽宁省近岸海域的生物和沉积物质量监测,对该区域的环境质量状况和趋势作出分析和评价。结果表明,辽宁省近岸海域环境质量呈逐年恶化的态势,尤其是重金属Pb和Cd残留量超标较严重,2006年生物体重金属Pb、As和沉积物As残留量超标率接近100%。  相似文献   

岔巴沟流域淤地坝对泥沙存贮-释放的影响（英）   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

张鸾  师长兴  张灏 《农业工程学报》2010,26(2):64-69

为分析黄河中游流域产输沙对人类干预增强的响应机制,该文选取岔巴沟为坝系小流域研究区,探讨淤地坝的建设和发展对流域内泥沙存贮-释放时空变化的影响。研究表明,20世纪80年代岔巴沟处于泥沙存贮状态,10 a平均泥沙输移比为0.325,经分析,始于20世纪50年代,并于60、70年代得到发展,80、90年代趋于稳定的岔巴沟淤地坝拦截了大量泥沙是造成泥沙存贮的主要原因。和拦沙作用相比,其减少高含沙水流发生频率,降低高含沙水流发育程度的作用更大。值得注意的是,淤地坝在几十年的发展过程中可淤库容显著下降,多数原有坝地淤满,加上20世纪80年代以后坝体建设速度减缓,以及设计标准低,后期管理和维护不利,垮坝和毁坝造成泥沙再释放的潜在性在增加。 因此,今后在对淤地坝作为一项重要的水保措施引起足够重视的同时,维护和巩固现有淤地坝的拦泥库容也非常必要。  相似文献   

Denitrification characteristics of pond sediments in a Chinese agricultural watershed   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Feiyue LI  Rong YANG  Chaopu TI  Man LANG  Sonoko D. KIMURA  Xiaoyuan YAN 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2010,56(1):66-71

Ponds are widely distributed in rice-based agricultural watersheds, particularly in southern China, and may play an important role in nitrate (     ) removal. However, the denitrification rate of pond sediment, measured using the acetylene (C₂H₂) inhibition technique, indicated that the amount of nitrogen removed by denitrification accounted for <1% of the total nitrogen applied. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of sediment depth and temperature on denitrification of pond sediment using the C₂H₂ inhibition technique. The highest denitrification potential was found in the upper 5 cm of sediment, but this only accounted for approximately 34% of the total denitrification of the upper 0–30 cm of sediment, suggesting that sediment denitrification potential would be underestimated if only the upper 5 cm of sediment was measured. The denitrification potential was low and showed a weak response over a temperature range of 6–18°C, whereas denitrification increased significantly from 18 to 30°C, indicating that denitrification may play an important role in the removal of     in warm seasons. A comparison of the     disappearance and C₂H₂ inhibition methods showed that they were significantly ( P  < 0.01) and positively correlated. However, the C₂H₂ inhibition method gave only approximately 25% of the values determined by the     disappearance method.  相似文献   

极端干旱区大气边界层厚度时间演变及其与地表能量平衡的关系     

张杰  张强  唐从国 《勤云标准版测试》2013,33(8):2545-2555

主要采用ECMWF的地表和大气产品分析了中国西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度与地表能量通量的时间变化特征,同时,结合探空加强观测分析了大气边界层演变的可能因素.得出:西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度呈现出季节性的年际和年代际变化,夏季大气边界层厚度呈下降趋势,春、秋季节呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,冬季以阶段性降低趋势为主,20世纪80年代是大气边界层厚度的转折时期；感热通量是极端干旱区大气边界层发展的主要热力因素；由于夏季净辐射量、地气温差、粗糙度以及风速等因子随时间演变而呈降低趋势,潜热通量呈增加趋势,导致了边界层高度形成的热力作用减弱,边界层厚度降低；同时,粗糙度和风速也是大气边界层发展的主要动力因素,由于边界层粗糙度和风速降低,促使垂直风切变减小,湍流动力作用减弱,也会导致边界层厚度降低.  相似文献   

Final Analysis of the Accuracy and Precision of Methods to Calculate the Sediment Retained by Check Dams     

《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(8):2446-2456

Knowing how much sediment check dams have trapped during their lifespan is essential to estimate their effectiveness or the sediment yields of their basins. Methods to calculate the volume of sediment trapped by check dams play an important role in the understanding of these issues. Several authors have proposed different methods to measure the volume of retained sediment, but their accuracy has, as yet, not been precisely determined and is currently a subject of debate. We compare the most frequently used methods (geometric: prism, pyramid and geometric; topographic: Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), trapezoids and sections methods) to evaluate their accuracy and precision in determining the volume of sediment retained by check dams. Our calculations are based on ten virtual check dams simulated in several gullies of Saldaña (Spain), where we determine their volumetric capacity for trapping sediment (real volume). This was made by means of an intensive topographic survey of these gullies, employing a terrestrial laser scanning system to obtain a high‐resolution digital elevation model (5 × 5 cm, ±2 mm). The results showed that topographic methods provided a very good fit to real volume with a difference of around 8%, being the sections method the most accurate. Geometric methods were less accurate, showing differences of up to 28%. Thus, the results obtained until now by geometric methods should be considered with caution. Although topographic methods were more accurate, they require many field data and much time than the others. So geometric methods can still be useful by correcting their results using our obtained percentage of variation. Knowing the accuracy of the methods before measuring is essential to obtain the most reliable results to analyse the role of check dams in controlling sediment, erosion processes and land degradation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An evaluation of furrows for managing soil and water loss from a shallow Alfisol under simulated rainfall     

P. K. Mishra    Ch.  Vasudeva Reddy & U. Satish Kumar   《Soil Use and Management》2008,24(2):171-180

Furrows are widely used in rainfed areas of semi-arid India for soil and water conservation. The orientation of furrows, either down or across slope, and their spacing influence the effectiveness of furrows as soil and water conservation measures. We evaluated treatments with furrows aligned down and across 3% sloping land at spacings of 90, 60 and 30 cm under simulated rainfall intensities of 80 and 100 mm/h on a shallow Alfisol. A bare plot without any furrows was considered as a control. A large (24 m × 3 m) rainfall simulator developed at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad, was used for this controlled study. Run-off was measured by a calibrated tipping bucket run-off recorder. The effects of the treatments on peak flow rate (L/s), sediment loss with run-off water (kg/ha/mm), peak sediment concentration (g/L), run-off (per cent rainfall) and time to peak (min) were investigated. When compared with the control (no furrows), across slope furrowing with 60- and 30-cm spacing reduced sediment yields by 19.9 and 21.3 kg/ha/mm of run-off, respectively, under a rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h and 24 and 25.3 kg/ha/mm of run-off, respectively, under a rainfall intensity of 100 mm/h. For the control, sediment loss was 50.72 kg/ha/mm run-off and 56.68 kg/ha/mm run-off for rainfall intensities of 80 and 100 mm/h, respectively. Similar trends were recorded from observations of peak flow, time to peak and peak sediment concentration. Run-off hydrographs demonstrated the conservation value of across slope furrowing by delaying run-off initiation, reducing run-off and slowly releasing the run-off after the cessation of rainfall. The results show that furrow orientation has major effects on reducing run-off, whereas furrow spacing has insignificant effects.  相似文献   

克伦特罗对绵羊肝脏血流量和氮代谢的影响     

郑元林  韩正康  陈杰  艾晓杰 《畜牧兽医学报》2002,33(2):114-118

在4头门静脉、肝静脉、肠系膜静脉和股动脉上安装血管导管的绵羊中研究了克伦特罗（CL,0.8 mg/kgBW,肠系膜静脉给药,每天2次,连续5 d）对其肝脏生长代谢的影响。结果表明:CL对肝脏血流量影响较小。而在CL作用下绵羊血浆中尿素氮水平明显下降,肝静脉和门静脉血液尿素氮流量分别减少16.86％（P<0.01）和15.51％（P<0.05）。肝静脉多肽流量在CL处理期也较对照期下降38.71％（P<0.01）,门静脉处多肽水平处理期则与对照期相当。克伦特罗还增加绵羊肝脏IGF-I的合成和分泌,门静脉和肝静脉中的增加幅度分别为38.84％（P<0.01）和33.18％（P<0.01）。提示CL可通过增强对绵羊肝脏氮的储留及肝脏IGF-I的合成和分泌从而促进机体的生长代谢。  相似文献