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Christopher M. Anderson Melissa J. Krigbaum Martin C. Arostegui Megan L. Feddern John Zachary Koehn Peter T. Kuriyama Christina Morrisett Caitlin I. Allen Akselrud Melanie J. Davis Courtney Fiamengo Ava Fuller Qi Lee Katherine N. McElroy Maite Pons Jessica Sanders 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(2):268-285
Wild capture fisheries produce 90 million tonnes of food each year and have the potential to provide sustainable livelihoods for nearly 40 million people around the world ( http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf ). After decades of overfishing since industrialization, many global fish stocks have recovered, a change brought about through effective management. We provide a synthetic overview of three approaches that managers use to sustain stocks: regulating catch and fishing mortality, regulating effort and regulating spatial access. Within each of these approaches, we describe common restrictions, how they alter incentives to change fishing behaviour, and the resultant ecological, economic and community‐level outcomes. For each approach, we present prominent case‐studies that illustrate behaviour and the corresponding performance. These case‐studies show that sustaining target stocks requires a hard limit on fishing mortality under most conditions, but that additional measures are required to generate economic benefits. Different systems for allocation allow stakeholder communities to strike a locally acceptable balance between profitability and employment. 相似文献
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Caitlin E. Grant Sarah Dodd Sarah K. Abood Adronie Verbrugghe 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2021,62(6):598
A 6-month-old, intact male Great Dane dog fed a veterinary therapeutic liver diet was evaluated after diagnosis of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and hind limb angular limb deformity to determine appropriateness of diet. Evaluation of the current diet revealed it to be inadequate to meet the nutrient requirements of a large breed puppy. The dog clinically improved following a change in diet. There was no longer any angular limb deformity and no reported neurological signs. This report highlights the importance of appropriate feeding management during growth and demonstrates that although veterinary therapeutic diets may appear to be an appropriate choice initially, they may not be ideal for growing puppies as a long-term feeding option.Key clinical message:An individual approach is key for nutritional management of complicated canine veterinary medical cases and includes consideration of the patient’s life stage requirements when modifying nutrient intake to manage clinical disease. 相似文献
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Background
Heifers not used as breeding stock are often implanted with steroids to increase growth efficiency thereby altering hormone profiles and potentially changing the environment in which ovarian follicles develop. Because bovine granulosa cell culture is a commonly used technique and often bovine ovaries are collected from abattoirs with no record of implant status, the objective of this study was to determine if the presence of an implant during bovine granulosa cell development impacts follicle stimulating hormone-regulated steroidogenic enzyme expression. Paired ovaries were collected from 16 feedlot heifers subjected to 1 of 3 treatments: non-implanted (n?=?5), Revalor 200 for 28 d (n?=?5), or Revalor 200 for 84 d (n?=?6). Small follicle (1 to 5 mm) granulosa cells were isolated from each pair and incubated with phosphate buffered saline (n?=?16) or 100 ng/mL follicle stimulating hormone (n?=?16) for 24 h.Results
Granulosa cells of implanted heifers treated with follicle stimulating hormone produced medium concentrations of progesterone similar (P?=?0.22) to non-implanted heifers, while medium estradiol concentrations were increased (P?<?0.10) at 28 and 84 d compared to non-implanted heifers indicating efficacy of treatment. Additionally, real-time PCR analysis in response to follicle stimulating hormone treatment demonstrated a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (P?=?0.05) mRNA expression in heifers implanted for 84 d and an increase in P450 side chain cleavage mRNA in granulosa cells of heifers implanted for 28 (P?<?0.10) or 84 d (P?<?0.05) compared to non-implanted females. However, no difference in expression of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P?=?0.57) and aromatase (P?=?0.23) were demonstrated in implanted or non-implanted heifers.Conclusions
These results indicate follicles which develop in the presence of high concentrations of androgenic and estrogenic steroids via an implant tend to demonstrate an altered capacity to respond to follicle stimulating hormone stimulation. Thus, efforts should be made to avoid the use of implanted heifers to study steroidogenesis in small follicle granulosa cell culture systems. 相似文献27.
Schroeder CA Snyder LB Tearney CC Baker-Herman TL Schroeder KM 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2011,38(3):267-271
Objective To describe the ultrasound‐guided technique to the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in the dog and evaluate the spread of a local anesthetic/methylene blue solution. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Ten adult Beagle cadavers weighing 11.1 ± 1.1 kg (mean ± SD). Methods Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks were performed bilaterally by a single trained individual on unpreserved cadaver dogs using 10 mL of methylene blue/bupivacaine solution per site. Dissection of the abdominal wall was performed within 15–55 minutes of block to determine distribution of injectate and nerve involvement in the transversus abdominis fascial plane. Results The transversus abdominis fascial plane was adequately visualized via ultrasound and injected in twenty hemi‐abdominal walls. Segmental branches of T11, T12, T13, L1, L2, and L3 were adequately stained in 20%, 60%, 100%, 100%, 90%, and 30% of injections, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance This anatomical study suggests that the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block would provide adequate regional anesthesia of the abdomen, potentially extending to the cranial and caudal limits of the abdomen. This supports the clinical potential of this block in veterinary medicine. 相似文献
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The smoggy stratosphere of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, veils its surface from view, except at narrow wavelengths centered at 0.83, 0.94, 1.07, 1.28, 1.58, 2.0, 2.9, and 5.0 micrometers. We derived a spectrum of Titan's surface within these "windows" and detected features characteristic of water ice. Therefore, despite the hundreds of meters of organic liquids and solids hypothesized to exist on Titan's surface, its icy bedrock lies extensively exposed. 相似文献
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Samantha J Bush Gudrun Dittrich-Schröder Stefan Neser Caitlin Gevers Kwabena O Baffoe Bernard Slippers 《Southern Forests》2018,80(3):275-277
Leptocybe invasa, the blue gum chalcid, is a well-known pest of Eucalyptus globally. Since it was first observed in the Mediterranean and Middle East in 2000, it has spread to other countries where Eucalyptus have been planted. Efforts to control it have included the release of a number of larval and pupal parasitoids. This report serves as the first record of the presence of Quadrastichus mendeli in South Africa, a parasitoid originally released as a biological control agent of L. invasa in Israel. The interactions and potential impacts on the other insects in the L. invasa galls will need to be investigated. 相似文献