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41.
Sara Lucía Camargo-Ricalde Irma Reyes-Jaramillo Noé Manuel Montaño 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(3):385-397
Information about forestry insularity of plants on soil nutrients will be critical for selecting plant species for agrosilvopastoral
or fertility reclamation programs in dry ecosystems. We explored the effects of four Mimosa species (M. lacerata, M. luisana, M. polyantha and M. texana var. filipes) and of rainfall seasonal variation on soil nutrients in a semiarid ecosystem located at the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico.
Soil samples were taken from outside and under the canopy at three positions (trunk, middle, edge) in all four Mimosa species; ten plants per species. The soil pH, organic matter (SOM), organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (Nt), available
phosphorus (Pi), and major cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na) were determined. Our results showed that Mimosa species improve the soil under their canopies creating fertile islands with higher SOM, SOC, total N and Pi cycling than
the soil in open areas (OA). The insularity effect was significantly species-dependent, where SOM, SOC, Nt and Pi decreased
consistently from trunk to OA in all four Mimosa species; however, magnitude varied among species. Likewise, differences in the quantity of soil cations were observed among
Mimosa species; though, an insularity gradient trunk-open area was not observed. All these effects were consistent across the species
studied and showed little seasonal variability, suggesting a strong forestry insularity of Mimosa species on soil fertility. Of all the four Mimosa species studied, M. lacerata was the most effective in accumulating SOM and nutrients in the soil, for which it would be a good option to implement in
agrosilvopastoral or fertility reclamation programs in this semiarid ecosystem. 相似文献
42.
Jennifer J Swenson Bruce E Young Stephan Beck Pat Comer Jesús H Córdova Jessica Dyson Dirk Embert Filomeno Encarnación Wanderley Ferreira Irma Franke Dennis Grossman Pilar Hernandez Sebastian K Herzog Carmen Josse Gonzalo Navarro Víctor Pacheco Bruce A Stein Martín Timaná Antonio Tovar Carolina Tovar Julieta Vargas Carlos M Zambrana-Torrelio 《BMC ecology》2012,12(1):1-19
Background
The Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia is one of the most data-poor, biologically rich, and rapidly changing areas of the world. Conservation scientists agree that this area hosts extremely high endemism, perhaps the highest in the world, yet we know little about the geographic distributions of these species and ecosystems within country boundaries. To address this need, we have developed conservation data on endemic biodiversity (~800 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and plants) and terrestrial ecological systems (~90; groups of vegetation communities resulting from the action of ecological processes, substrates, and/or environmental gradients) with which we conduct a fine scale conservation prioritization across the Amazon watershed of Peru and Bolivia. We modelled the geographic distributions of 435 endemic plants and all 347 endemic vertebrate species, from existing museum and herbaria specimens at a regional conservation practitioner's scale (1:250,000-1:1,000,000), based on the best available tools and geographic data. We mapped ecological systems, endemic species concentrations, and irreplaceable areas with respect to national level protected areas.Results
We found that sizes of endemic species distributions ranged widely (< 20 km2 to > 200,000 km2) across the study area. Bird and mammal endemic species richness was greatest within a narrow 2500-3000 m elevation band along the length of the Andes Mountains. Endemic amphibian richness was highest at 1000-1500 m elevation and concentrated in the southern half of the study area. Geographical distribution of plant endemism was highly taxon-dependent. Irreplaceable areas, defined as locations with the highest number of species with narrow ranges, overlapped slightly with areas of high endemism, yet generally exhibited unique patterns across the study area by species group. We found that many endemic species and ecological systems are lacking national-level protection; a third of endemic species have distributions completely outside of national protected areas. Protected areas cover only 20% of areas of high endemism and 20% of irreplaceable areas. Almost 40% of the 91 ecological systems are in serious need of protection (= < 2% of their ranges protected).Conclusions
We identify for the first time, areas of high endemic species concentrations and high irreplaceability that have only been roughly indicated in the past at the continental scale. We conclude that new complementary protected areas are needed to safeguard these endemics and ecosystems. An expansion in protected areas will be challenged by geographically isolated micro-endemics, varied endemic patterns among taxa, increasing deforestation, resource extraction, and changes in climate. Relying on pre-existing collections, publically accessible datasets and tools, this working framework is exportable to other regions plagued by incomplete conservation data. 相似文献43.
Wang M Simon JE Aviles IF He K Zheng QY Tadmor Y 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(3):601-608
Artichoke leaf is an herbal medicine known for a long time. A systematic antioxidant activity-directed fractionation procedure was used to purify antioxidative components from the aqueous methanol extractions of artichoke heads and leaves in this study. Seven active polyphenolic compounds were purified from artichoke, and structural elucidation of each was achieved using MS and NMR. Two of these compounds, apigenin-7-rutinoside and narirutin, were found to be unique to artichoke heads, this represents the first report of these compounds in the edible portion of this plant. The contents of these antioxidants and total phenols in dried artichoke samples from leaves and immature and mature heads of three varieties, Imperial Star, Green Globe, and Violet, were then analyzed and compared by colorimetric and validated HPLC methods. Significant differences by variety and plant organ were observed. 相似文献
44.
Effect of Supplementing Ascorbic Acid (L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate) in Broodstock Diet of the White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2