Cellulase Supplementation Does Not Improve the Digestibility of a High-Forage Diet in Horses     

C.I. O''Connor-Robison MS  B.D. Nielsen MS  PhD  R. Morris BS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2007,27(12):535-538

Six mature Arabian geldings were used in a two-period crossover study to investigate the effects of cellulase supplementation on fiber digestion. Horses were randomly assigned to either a control (CO; n = 3) or a cellulase (CE; n = 3) treatment for the first period and then treatments were switched for period 2. Each period consisted of a 10-day diet adaptation followed by a 3-day total fecal collection. The enzyme mixture contained 40,000 cellulase units/g and was fed at a rate of 3 g/day split evenly between two feedings. During the diet adaptation period, horses had ad libitum access to timothy hay and were also fed 165 g whole oats as a carrier for the supplement. When eating the CO treatment, horses consumed 16% more hay than when on the CE treatment (P = .004). Fecal output also tended to be greater when horses consumed the CO treatment as compared with CE treatment (P = .07). No differences were found between treatments for fecal percent dry matter (DM%), fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF), fecal acid detergent fiber (ADF), fecal nitrogen (N), or fecal gross energy (GE). There was a trend for horses consuming the CO treatment to digest more NDF than when consuming the CE treatment (34.6% ± 1.5 vs 31% ± 1.5; P = .07). Horses also digested a greater %ADF, %N, and Mcal of energy when consuming the CO treatment than when consuming the CE treatment (P < .05). Cellulase addition to a hay-based horse diet decreased digestion of fiber components.  相似文献   

Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand     

Lugton IW  Wilson PR  Morris RS  Nugent G 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1998,46(4):147-156

AIMS: This study was initiated to investigate aspects of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and transmission of tuberculosis in wild red deer, with the aim of determining whether this species may be considered a reservoir host of Mycobacterium bovis in New Zealand. METHOD: One hundred and six wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) carcasses from the Castlepoint and Hauhungaroa Range areas, which are endemic for bovine tuberculosis, were examined for the presence of M. bovis infection. Samples were also examined from 46 skin test-positive farmed deer killed at two deer slaughter premises. Where possible, a standard set of tissues and excretion site samples was collected for mycobacteriological examination. RESULTS: Fifty-eight infected deer were identified, and of these 28% showed no gross lesions. The prevalence of tuberculosis confirmed by culture in the wild deer was 32%. Only one of 18 deer younger than 1 year was infected. Mature deer (>2 years) were 12 times more likely to be infected than those under 1 year of age. Infected older deer were less likely to show typical gross lesions than younger animals. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the oropharyngeal tonsil of 34 of 56 (61%) of the infected deer, and this was the most commonly infected site. Gross lesions were found in 18 of the 34 infected tonsils and only one of these showed a purulent tonsillitis. Mycobacterium bovis was recovered from four of 53 nasopharyngeal tonsils, four of 53 oropharyngeal swabs, one of 53 tracheal and nasal swabs, and one of 46 faecal samples, but not from any urine specimens. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that significant bacillary excretion from infected deer was uncommon, and is more likely to occur in severely affected animals. This study has confirmed the importance of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), particularly the oropharyngeal tonsil, in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in deer. The findings justify investigation of the hypotheses that the prevalence of tuberculosis in wild deer in New Zealand is high due to transmission of infection from possums, and that in the absence of an infected possum population, the prevalence of tuberculosis in deer is likely to be low, and spatially patchy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results suggest that about one quarter of infected deer show no detectable gross lesions. This implies that many infected carcasses may enter the food chain unrecognised and that the estimated sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests may be erroneous if there is a difference in test performance between those conducted on deer with or without gross lesions. Diagnostic sensitivity following slaughter may be improved by routine culture of oropharyngeal tonsils and careful examination of lungs for adhesions and small subpleural tubercles.  相似文献   

Landscape patterns of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in southern Ohio hardwood forests   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Morris  Sherri Jeakins  Boerner  R.E.J. 《Landscape Ecology》1998,13(4):215-224

This study quantified nitrogen mineralization and nitrification potentials in soils of hardwood forests of southern Ohio at three spatial scales: (1) the regional scale, represented by four study areas of 90–120 ha separated by 3–65 km, (2) the local scale, represented by three contiguous watersheds within each study area, and (3) the topographic scale, represented by xeric, intermediate, and mesic sites within each watershed, as defined by a GIS-generated Integrated Moisture Index (IMI). Organic C, NO₃ pool size, net N mineralization, proportional nitrification, and net nitrification potentials all varied among study sites (i.e. at the regional scale). Using path analysis, we were able to construct scale-independent causal models explaining 30–35% of the variance in organic C and potential net N mineralization and 70% of the variance in potential net NO₃ production. Site- and scale-specific differences in geology and/or land use history among study sites were likely responsible for the variation not explained by the path analysis. At the local scale, there were significant variations in organic C and inorganic N pool sizes among watersheds within a study site in two of the four study sites. In addition, most parameters we measured varied significantly along the topographic gradient (i.e. with long-term soil moisture availability/IMI). Based on our results, scaling up models of nitrification from plot scale to the regional scale should be straightforward, whereas scaling up organic C storage and N mineralization will require incorporation of independent scaling paradigms at three (or more) spatial scales.  相似文献   

Association of brook trout and Oncorhynchus spp. with large wood jams in a Lake Superior tributary in a northern old‐growth watershed     

Arthur E. L. Morris  Lance R. Williams  P. Charles Goebel  Eugene C. Braig IV 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2012,21(4):597-608

Wood in streams functions as fish habitat, but relationships between fish abundance (or size) and large wood in streams are not consistent. One possible reason for variable relationships between fish and wood in streams is that the association of fish with wood habitat may depend on ecological context such as large‐scale geomorphology. We studied the relationship between salmonid assemblages and large wood jams (LWJ) in four settings that differed geomorphically at the scale of the stream corridor along a tributary to Lake Superior in old‐growth conifer–hardwood forest in northern Michigan. The focal fish species of this study were brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), which were wild in the stream. Relocation efforts for coaster brook trout (an adfluvial life history variant of brook trout) were ongoing in the study stream. We measured fish abundance and length in pairs of pools of similar size and substrate, but varying in the presence of LWJ; this allowed us to evaluate associations of fish simply with the presence of LWJ rather than with other channel or flow‐shaping functions of LWJ. The length of Oncorhynchus spp. and young introduced brook trout was not strongly correlated with LWJ presence; however, the presence of LWJ in pools was positively correlated with larger wild brook trout. We also found that the correspondence of LWJ with the abundance of salmonids appears to be moderated by the presence of alternative habitat in this relatively natural, old‐growth forest stream.  相似文献   

A comparison of methods for demonstrating colonization in the small intestine of piglets by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J A Morris  G A Wells  A C Scott  W J Sojka 《The British veterinary journal》1985,141(5):484-489

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THE RATE OF WATER LOSS FROM GRASS SAMPLES DURING HAY-TYPE CONSERVATION     

R. M. Morris 《Grass and Forage Science》1972,27(2):99-106

The loss of water from small bulk samples of five grass species was studied under constant conditions of humidity, temperature and lighting. A logarithmic curve was fitted to the data and the different species compared on the basis of a loss coefficient derived from the fitted curve. The species varied significantly in this aspect; those with high surface-area to dry-weight ratios generally lost water fastest The presence of stem material appeared to increase the rate of water loss considerably. High humidity during drying caused the grasses to lose water more slowly and to retain much more water at equilibrium with the surrounding air. Chemical treatments to speed water loss, using a solvent and a fungal toxin were tested. Both appear to have some promise. Selection for high water loss in grass breeding may also be possible.  相似文献   

RESPITE--a computer-aided guide to the prevalence of pneumonia in pig herds     

R B Morrison  R S Morris 《The Veterinary record》1985,117(11):268-271

An interactive computer-based guide (termed RESPITE) was developed to demonstrate to pig producers the expected level of pneumonia in pig herds which follow specified management practices known to influence the severity of pneumonia problems. A program was used to evaluate the combined effect of known risk factors present in the particular herd on the prevalence of lung lesions in slaughter pigs. The expected prevalence was estimated using formulae that were derived from observations and data in the published literature. Eleven risk factors considered are the number of pigs in the same room, all-in/all-out versus continuous flow of pigs, closed versus open herd, temperature fluctuation ratio, width of the buildings, space allotted per pig, the type of partitions separating adjacent pens, the presence or absence of diarrhoea as a clinical problem, liquid versus solid manure disposal, ascarid control efficiency, and the presence or absence of active Aujeszky's disease in the herd. Each of the factors can be assessed in the farrowing, nursery and grow-finish stages of production and the appropriate observations are entered. The computer uses the data to calculate the expected prevalence of pneumonia in animals leaving that stage of production. Of the pneumonia developing in the farrowing, nursery and grow-finish stages, 90 per cent, 75 per cent and 25 per cent respectively is considered to resolve before slaughter inspection at 100 kg. Adjusting for this degree of resolution, the program then estimates the expected final prevalence of pneumonic lesions in slaughter pigs. Comparison of predictions with slaughterhouse data from four herds indicated that the guide was realistic in its estimates.  相似文献   

Perinatal piglets under sublethal concentrations of atmospheric carbon monoxide     

G L Morris  S E Curtis  J Simon 《Journal of animal science》1985,61(5):1070-1079

Perinatal exposure to atmospheric carbon monoxide at sublethal concentrations affected neonatal piglets negatively. Low total hemoglobin concentration and oxyhemoglobin saturation ratio were present at birth in piglets farrowed by gilts that had been exposed to carbon monoxide at 250 ppm from gestation d 109 on, but stillbirth rate was only 4.8%. Carboxyhemoglobin saturation ratio increased from .0 to 19.8 and 22.4% as carbon monoxide concentration rose from background (less than 5 ppm) to 200 and 250 ppm. Carbon monoxide affected neonatal piglets' behavior. Piglets exposed to atmospheric carbon monoxide at 250 ppm perinatally took longer to nurse for the first time than did counterparts under background or 200-ppm concentrations. Those under carbon monoxide at 250 ppm had compromised performance in behavior tests that measured a piglet's ability to orient itself in, maneuver in and investigate its environment, respectively.  相似文献   

Identification of interleukin-1 in equine osteoarthritic joint effusions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

E A Morris  B S McDonald  A C Webb  L J Rosenwasser 《American journal of veterinary research》1990,51(1):59-64

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a protein secreted by stimulated cells of the monocyte-macrophage line, which has a number of important biologic activities. Interleukin-1 has been implicated in the induction and augmentation of the pathologic processes involved in arthritis and articular cartilage destruction. Horses develop osteoarthritis with a frequency and degree of severity similar to human beings. To further document the similarity of the osteoarthritic process in people and horses, the synovial fluid from 5 horses with clinical osteoarthritis was tested for IL-1 bioactivity. Interleukin-1 activity was found in all tested synovial fluids. Upon column chromatography, the synovial fluid-derived factor had a molecular weight consistent with that of IL-1 in other mammalian species. Ion exchange chromatography of osteoarthritic synovial fluid revealed the principal peaks of bioactivity to be in the fractions with isoelectric points of 7.2, 5.4, and 4.7, which are characteristic of IL-1. A considerable degree of homology between human and equine IL-1 was demonstrated by the cross hybridization of human IL-1 beta cDNA probe with RNA derived from IL-1-producing equine adherent monocytes. These results indicate that equine IL-1 is in all of the osteoarthritic equine joints tested and that equine IL-1 has many of the characteristics of IL-1 isolated from other species.  相似文献   

Intersprout competition in the potato II. Competition for nutrients during pre-emergence growth after planting     

D. A. Morris 《Potato Research》1967,10(4):296-311

Summary The influence of temperature, number of sprouts per tuber and concentration of supplementary inorganic nutrients on sprout growth and intersprout competition for tuber substrates during emergence was investigated in the potato varietyArran Pilot. The rate of sprout growth was found to be a positive function of initial tuber fresh weight. Dry weight data at emergence indicated that individual sprouts on multi-sprout tubers exhibited mutual interference for substrates from the tuber. The intensity of this interference increased with temperature in the range 7 25 C, but interference was reduced, and in some cases eliminated, by supplying inorganic nutrients in the rooting medium. It was concluded that a component of the inorganic nutrient solution used could replace the tuber factor the supply of which limited sprout growth. The effects of temperature and inorganic nutrient concentration on the partitioning of dry matter within the plant are deseribed and diseussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die Einflüsse von Temperatur, ursprünglichem Knollengewicht, der Anzahl Keime pro Knolle und der Konzentration zus?tzlicher anorganischer N?hrstoffe auf das Keimwachstum sowie die Konkurrenz zwischen den Keimen um das Knollensubstrat w?hrend des Auflaufens wurden an der KartoffelsorteArran Pilot untersucht. Ween Knollen in ein n?hrstofffreies Medium gepflanzt wurden (Versuch 1), glich die Auflaufrate der Keime einer positiv linearen Funktion der Temperatur über einen Bereich von 7 C bis 25 C, aber sie war nicht signifikant beeinflusst durch die Zahl der Keime pro Knolle (Tabelle 1 und 2). Die einzelnen Keime von Knollen mit vielen Keimen konkurrierten um das Substrat der Mutterknolle, und die St?rke dieser Interferenz nahm mit steigender Temperatur w?hrend des Auflaufens zu (Abb. 1 und 2). In den Versuchen 2 und 3 wurde die Auflaufzeit durch die Beigabe einer anorganischen Volln?hrl?sung zum Wurzeln?hrboden verkürzt, aber sie wurde nicht signifikant beeinflusst durch die Zahl der Keime pro Knolle (Tabelle 4). Eine Erh?hung der N?hrstoffkonzentration in der anorganischen L?sung hatte eine Erh?hung des durchschnittlichen Trockengewichtes der Keime und des durchschnittlichen Trockengewichtes der Keime pro Knolle beim Auflaufen zur Folge (Abb. 4 und 5). In Versuch 2 setzte die Gabe von anorganischen N?hrstoffen die Intensit?t der Konkurrenz zwischen den Keimen um das Substrat aus der Knolle betr?chtlich herab, was darauf hindeutet, dass ein Bestandteil der verwendeten N?hrl?sung den “Knollenfaktor”, der das Keimwachstum begrenzt, ersetzen k?nnte. Im Versuch 3 dagegen wurde die Interferenz um die Substrate aus der Knolle durch die Konzentration der verwendeten N?hrstoffe nicht beeinflusst. Diese Abweichung zwischen den zwei Versuchen dürfte mit dem unterschiedlichen Grad der Interferenz zwischen den Wurzelsystemen der einzelnen Keime für die Zufuhr der verwendeten N?hrstoffe in Zusammenhang stehen (Tabelle 5). Die Temperatur nach dem Auspflanzen übte einen betr?chtlichen Einfluss auf die Verteilung der Trockensubstanz innerhalb des Stengel-systems aus. Anzahl, L?nge und Trockengewicht der Stolonen pro Keim (Abb. 3) und das Verh?ltnis des Stolonentrockengewichtes zum gesamten Trockengewicht der Stengel (Tabelle 3) waren in umgekehrter Bezichung von der Temperatur abh?ngig, in den Versuchen 1 und 3 stand das Verh?ltnis des Stolonentrockengewichtes zum gesamten Stengelgewicht in umgekehrter Bezichung zur Anzahl Keime pro Knolle: in Versuch 3 war diese Beziehung aber nicht signifikant beeinflusst durch die Konzentration der mineralischen N?hrstoffe. Diese Ergebnisse wiesen darauf hin, dass neben der Temperatur ein spezifischer Faktor in der Mutterknolle auf das Stolonenwachstum einwirkte und dass dieser Faktor nicht durch eine den Knollen zur Verfügung stehende mineralischen N?hrstoffl?sung ersetzt werden kann. In den Versuchen 2 und 3 erweiterte sich das Stengel/Wurzel-Verh?ltnis mit der Erh?hung der Konzentration der verwendeten anorganisehen N?hrstoffe, aber es war nicht signifikant beeinflusst durch die Zahl der Keime pro Knolle.

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Résumé L’auteur a recherché, sur la variété de Pomme de terreArran Pilot, l’influence de la température, du poids initial du tubercule, du nombre de germes par tubercule et de la concentration en éléments nutritifs inorganiques supplémentaires sur la croissance du germe et la compétition entre les germes pour les réserves du tubercule pendant la levée. Quand les tubercules sont plantés dans un milieu dépourvu d’éléments nutritifs (expérience 1), la vitesse d’émergence d’un germe est une fonction linéaire positive de la température dans les limites de 7 C à 25 C mais n’est pas significativement influencéc par le nombre de germes par tubercule (tableau 1 et 2). Les germes des tubercules à plusieurs germes rivalisent individuellement pour les réserves du tubercule-mère et il se révèle que l’intensité de cette interférence s’accro?t avec l’augmentation de la température pendant l’émergence (Fig. 1 et 2). Dans les expériences 2 et 3, le temps d’émergence est réduit par l’application au milieu d’enracinement d’une solution nutritive complète inorganique, mais n’est pas significativement influencé par le nombre de germes par tubercule (Tableau 4). Une augmentation de la concentration en éléments nutritifs inorganiques entra?ne, lors de l’émergence, une augmentation du poids sec moyen d’un germe et une augmentation du poids sec moyen de tous les germes du tubercule (Fig. 4 et 5). Dans l’expérience 2 l’application d’éléments nutritifs inorganiques réduit l’intensité de la compétition entre germes pour les réserves du tubercule, ce qui signifie qu’un composant de la solution nutritive utilisée remplace le facteur du tubercule qui limite la croissance du germe. Cependant, dans l’experience 3, la compétition pour les réserves du tubercule n’est pas influencée par la concentration des éléments nutritifs appliqués. La différence dans les deux expériences peut provenir des différences dans le degré d’interaction entre les systèmes radiculaires des germes individuels pour les approvisionnements en éléments nutritifs appliqués (Tableau 5). La température après plantation exerce une influence considérable sur la répartition de la matière sèche dans le système radiculaire. Le nombre, la longucur et le poids sec de stolons par germe (Fig. 3) et le rapport du poids sec des stolons au poids total sec des germes (Tableau 3) sont des fonctions inverses de la température. Dans les expériences 1 et 3 le rapport poids sec des stolons au poids total des germes est inversément relié au nombre de germes par tubercule, mais dans l’expérience 3 ce rapport n’est pas significativement influencé par la concentration externe des éléments minéraux. Ces résultats indiquent qu’en plus des effets de la température, un facteur spécifique provenant du tubercule-mère influe sur la croissance du stolon, et que ce facteur ne peut être remplacé par un apport externe d’éléments nutritifs minéraux. Dans les expériences 2 et 3 le rapport bourgeon/ racine augmente avec l’accroissement de la concentration en éléments nutritifs inorganiques appliqués mais n’est pas significativement influencé par le nombre de germes par tubercule.

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