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1.
Pekka E. Kauppi Aapo Rautiainen Kari T. Korhonen Aleksi Lehtonen Jari Liski Pekka Nöjd Sakari Tuominen Markus Haakana Tarmo Virtanen 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010,259(7):1239-1244
The growing stock more than doubled from 1.6 to 3.4 million m3 between 1912 and 2005 in forests on an area of 387 km2 in southern Finland. The stock expansion continued for 93 years noting interim results, which were available for 1959, 1982, 1994 and 1999. Forested area in the region hardly changed. Carbon sequestration was mainly a result of a long-term recovery from forest degradation, a legacy of land use in the 18th and 19th centuries. Tree demography responded to management change especially of mature stands: Average tree size and stocking density of stands increased. On average the expanding biomass stock sequestered 18 tons C annually per km2 (18 g C per m2). In comparison, the emissions of fossil carbon in the region were estimated at 12 tons C per km2 (12 g C per m2) on average. However, fossil CO2 emissions exceeded biomass sequestration in recent decades. The powerful and persistent expansion of the carbon stock was an unintended co-benefit of forestry, which was motivated by the intention to improve timber yield. On the more negative side the change in management introduced clear-cuts, and a loss of diverse elements of the pre-industrial biota. 相似文献
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Systematic reviews of agricultural safety and health interventions have shown little evidence of effectiveness. In this study, we used a self-documentation and collaborative interpretation method (cultural probes, n = 9) as well as farm interviews (n = 11) to identify factors affecting the adoption and implementation of safety information. The three main barrier groups found were (1) personal characteristics of the farmer, (2) limited resources to make safety improvements, and (3) the slow incremental evolution of the physical farm environment where old, hazardous environments remain along with new, safer improvements. The enabling factors included good examples or alarming (and thus activating) examples from peers, ease of implementation of the promoted safety measures, and enforcement of regulations. The findings suggest that a user-centered approach could facilitate the development of more effective safety and health interventions. A conceptual model of the safety intervention context created in this study can be used as a framework to examine specific barriers and enabling factors in planning and implementing safety and health interventions. 相似文献
3.
Farm work, particularly with livestock, exposes farmers to injuries, occupational diseases, and disabling health conditions, which in many cases result in early retirement and loss of quality of life. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for declined work ability among full-time dairy farmers. We conducted a postal survey using the standard Work Ability Index (WAI) questionnaire augmented with a form containing questions about working conditions and lifestyle factors that potentially affect work ability. We received 399 usable responses (245 female and 154 male; 41.5% response rate). The prevalence of declined work ability (poor or moderate WAI score) was 39% overall, 44% among females, and 32% among males. Older age, small herd size, lack of mental breaks from work, inadequate leisure, and non-use of alcohol were significantly associated with declined work ability. The odds ratios for these risk factors ranged from 2.04 to 4.67. Current injuries and diseases are part of the WAI questionnaire contributing to declined work ability. This study indicates that interventions are needed, particularly among older farmers and farmers with injuries or diseases, to restore their work ability. Life-long measures to maintain work ability are also important, preventing the steep decline in work ability currently occurring among older farmers. Based on this study, we recommend guidance addressing the identified risk factors, particularly the importance of organizing both farm and domestic work with adequate rest, leisure time, and mental breaks as counterbalance to the daily workload among livestock farmers. 相似文献
4.
Visible browning is a typical feature of callus cultures derived from shoot tips of mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Because the ability of callus to regenerate is low, we determined the effect of browning on growth and changes in cellular structure during culture. Striking alterations in cellular structure were detected by LM (light microscopy), EM (electron microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Accumulation of phenolic substances was shown by histochemical staining. Staining for beta-glucosidase activity of soluble proteins that had been subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated lignification of cells. The measured growth rate of callus was low compared with a hypothetical growth curve. Peroxidase activity increased rapidly soon after the start of the culture period, but especially between the second and third weeks of culture. At this time, the degradation of cell membranes and browning began coincident with the loss of chlorophyll. We conclude that browning is associated with cell disorganization and eventual cell death, making tissue culture of mature pine especially difficult. 相似文献
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Sanderson WT Madsen MD Rautiainen R Kelly KM Zwerling C Taylor CD Reynolds SJ Stromquist AM Burmeister LF Merchant JA 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2006,12(1):71-81
Agriculture remains one of the most hazardous industries in the U.S., with tractor overturns producing the greatest number of agricultural machinery-related fatalities. Rollover protective structures (ROPS) and seatbelts effectively reduce tractor overturn deaths. However, a large proportion of tractors in use in American agriculture are older tractors without ROPS and seatbelts. This article describes the tractor-related responses from participants in a population-based study conducted in Keokuk County, Iowa. This study was designed to measure rural and agricultural adverse health and injury outcomes and their respective risk factors. Questionnaires were partially developed from well-documented national surveys. Questions about agricultural machinery use, presence of safety equipment on the machinery, work practices, and attitudes about farm safety were included. Study participants on farms who owned tractors had an average of 3.1 tractors with an average age of 27 years. Only 39% of the 665 tractors had ROPS. Tractor age was associated with the presence of ROPS; 84% of tractors manufactured after 1984 were ROPS-equipped, whereas only 3% of tractors manufactured before 1960 were ROPS-equipped. ROPS-equipped tractors were significantly more common on larger farms and households with higher income. Only 4% of the farmers reported that their tractors had seatbelts and they wore them when operating their tractors. The results of this study support the findings of other studies, which indicate that many older tractors without ROPS and seatbelts remain in use in American agriculture. Until a dramatic reduction in the number of tractors in the U.S. operated without ROPS and seatbelts is achieved, the annual incidence of 120 to 130 deaths associated with tractor overturns will persist. 相似文献
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J Oravainen M Hakala E Rautiainen P Veijalainen M Heinonen A Tast JV Virolainen OAT Peltoniemi 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2006,41(1):91-93
This study was conducted to determine the antibody response for porcine parvovirus (PPV) of 39 gilts in field conditions after vaccination. Gilts from four herds endemically infected with PPV were injected twice with a commercial vaccine of inactivated PPV and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The PPV antibodies were analysed both with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to study the agreement between these methods. The possible association between high-antibody titres and reproductive failure (repeat breeding, culling for infertility, < or = 6 piglets born alive) was also investigated. In these study herds, endemically infected by PPV, most gilts (84.6%) had not seroconverted by the age of 6 months. On-field vaccination resulted in a consistent increase of humoral immunity not exceeding the antibody level of 1 : 512 in the majority of gilts in all herds examined. The agreement between ELISA and HI tests was moderate (Spearman's rho = 0.87, kappa = 0.63). The seroconversion over the level >1:512 by mid-pregnancy was not associated with reproductive failure. 相似文献
8.
Rautiainen E Wallgren P 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2001,48(1):55-65
The aims of this study were to describe the variation in concentration of antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in the serum and colostrum of sows, and to compare the amount of antibodies in colostrum with that obtained in the serum of the smallest piglets in a litter. In addition, the efficacy of the passive immunity in natural conditions was studied. The study was performed in a sow pool herd (600 sows) that was endemically infected with M. hyopneumoniae. Blood samples were collected from sows 19 days (n = 25) before and 3 days (n = 15) after farrowing, and a colostrum sample (n = 25) was collected on the day of farrowing. All samples were analysed for antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae with a monoclonal blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twelve sows (48%) were high-responders with respect to antibody concentration in colostrum. The amount of blocking decreased in serum during the last weeks of pregnancy and 3 days post-farrowing it was only 53% of the level found in colostrum. At the age of 14 days, 30 of the smallest piglets were weaned. They were divided into three experimental groups, being the offspring of high-responding sows, low-responding sows, or a mix of high- and low-responding sows. The groups were transported to three separated isolation units and were followed until slaughter. At slaughter, lung lesions were not found. Nor could M. hyopneumoniae be demonstrated either by cultivation or by polymerase chain reaction. However, a significant increase in absorbance values, assessed by an indirect-ELISA, was demonstrated in groups established from low-responding sows. It was concluded that a high antibody level in colostrum appeared to protect piglets from M. hyopneumoniae. 相似文献
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In a survey in Finland in 1995, 14,919 colostral whey samples from 530 farrowing herds were analysed by a monoclonal blocking-ELISA to detect antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae). Antibodies were detected in 274 (1.8%) samples and in 42 herds (7.9%). The median prevalence of sows with antibodies in seropositive herds was 28.2% (range, 2.7-100%). According to clinical and pathological follow-up in finishing herds in 1996, all of the farrowing herds which were seronegative in 1995, were truly non-infected with M. hyopneumoniae. In acutely infected herds, samples collected earlier than 2 h after farrowing were 3 times more likely to contain antibodies than samples collected 2-12 h after farrowing (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4-6.6). Repeated freezing or spoilage of the colostrum samples did not cause biologically relevant problems for the ELISA. Antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae were shown to persist up to 3 years in some sows. As a conclusion, colostrum samples were very sensitive samples for the screening of herds for M. hyopneumoniae infection and possibly also for a regular surveillance. 相似文献
10.
Nonnenmann MW Donham KJ Rautiainen RH O'Shaughnessy PT Burmeister LF Reynolds SJ 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2004,10(1):7-15
The aim of this project was evaluate the effectiveness of an oil sprinkling system as a dust-reduction method for swine production facilities. This article presents the results of the second-year experiment of a multi-year study. The first-year experiment demonstrated that a 5% oil-water emulsion automatically applied at the rate of 3 and 5 g/pig/day achieved a 23% to 34% reduction in total dust. The modifications for the second year experiment included: (1) increasing oil application rate to 7 and 8 g/pig/day, (2) replacing sprinkler heads to achieve a smaller droplet size and a more direct spray pattern on pen-floor surfaces, and (3) more closely matching the treatment and control rooms by stage in the pig production cycle. Four swine finishing rooms were used for this study; two were treatment rooms (soybean oil at 7 g/pig/day, and canola oil 8 g/pig/day) and two were control rooms. The treatment rooms had a low-pressure oil-sprinkling system, which sprinkled 5% oil-to-water mixture 12 times per day, 12 s each time. Concentrations of several environmental contaminants were measured. The average total dust concentration in the control rooms was 1.39 mg/m3. The average total dust concentration in the treatment rooms was 0.65 mg/m3. The treatment reduced dust by an average of 52%, (p = 0.0001). There was no difference in the degree of dust control between soybean oil and canola oil. The respirable dust concentrations were very low in all rooms, and there were no significant differences between rooms in ammonia, carbon dioxide, temperature, or humidity. 相似文献