Loss in macronutrient pools in bilberry and lingonberry in mesic Scots pine forests after Northern red oak introduction     

Woziwoda  Beata  Dyderski  Marcin K.  Parzych  Agnieszka  Jonczak  Jerzy  Jagodziński  Andrzej M. 《European Journal of Forest Research》2021,140(6):1499-1514

Forest transformation from coniferous monocultures to mixed stands is being promoted worldwide, including the introduction of fast-growing broadleaved tree species within native stands. Here, we studied how enrichment of temperate European Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest by North-American northern red oak Quercus rubra impacted macronutrient concentrations in two long-lived and dominant components of the forest understory: bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus and lingonberry V. vitis-idaea. Study sites were located in forest complexes (central Poland) which occupy continuously reforested lands (hereafter ancient forests) as well as post-agricultural lands (recent forests), all suitable for mesic pine forests. Samples of bilberry and lingonberry leaves, stems, and fruits were collected in pine stands and in adjacent Scots pine-red oak stands, in both ancient and recent forests. Concentrations of macronutrients (C, N, P, K, Ca, S, and Mg) in aboveground biomass components were analysed using standardized chemical procedures. The study revealed intra- and interspecific (bilberry vs. lingonberry) differences in concentrations of all nutrients in leaves, stems, and fruits, except for invariable C concentrations. Macronutrient accumulations in plants were decreased by land-use discontinuity and favoured by enrichment of tree stands by Q. rubra. The estimated macronutrient pools were much higher for V. myrtillus than V. vitis-idaea in all forest types studied. They were lower in forests enriched with Q. rubra, both ancient (up to 25.5% for bilberry and 99.9% for lingonberry) and recent (46.9% and 99.9%, respectively), as well as in recent pine forest (46.6% and 81.1%, respectively) than in ancient pine forest. Higher K and S pools (39.3% and 6.5%, respectively) noted for bilberry in an ancient forest with Q. rubra were exceptions. Despite more effective accumulations of elements at the species level, macronutrient pools of Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea decreased significantly in the presence of introduced Q. rubra due to negative impacts of this broadleaved tree on bilberry and lingonberry cover and biomass. Therefore, the limitation of alien Q. rubra planting in sites of mesic pine forest with the abundant occurrence of V. myrtillus and/or V. vitis-idaea is recommended.

Graphic abstract

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Desiccation tolerance and cryopreservation of seeds of black poplar (Populus nigra L.), a disappearing tree species in Europe     

Marcin Michalak  Beata P. Plitta  Tadeusz Tylkowski  Paweł Chmielarz  Jan Suszka 《European Journal of Forest Research》2015,134(1):53-60

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Plant species richness and composition in managed grasslands: The relative importance of field management and environmental factors     

Sebastian Klimek  Anne Richter gen. Kemmermann  Johannes Isselstein 《Biological conservation》2007,134(4):559-570

Decline of grassland diversity throughout Europe within the last decades is threatening biological diversity and is a major conservation problem. There is an urgent need to determine the underlying factors that control vascular plant species richness and composition in managed grasslands. In this study, 117 grasslands were sampled using standardised methods. Explanatory variables were recorded for each grassland site, reflecting the local field management, site-specific environmental conditions and large-scale spatial trends. Using variation partitioning methods, we determined the pure and shared effects of these three sets of explanatory variables on the plant species richness and composition in grasslands. Most of the explained variation in plant species richness was related to the joint effect of local field management and environmental variables. However, the applied variation partitioning approach revealed that the pure effect of spatial variables contributed relatively little to explaining variation in both the plant species richness and species composition. The largest fractions of explained variation in plant species composition were accounted for by the pure effects of environmental and local field management variables. Moreover, the results revealed that the main mechanisms by which these sets of explanatory variables affect plant species vary according to the type of management regime under study. From our findings we could conclude that particularly a reduction of nitrogen fertilisation on meadows and grazing at a low stocking rate on pastures can help to conserve biodiversity.  相似文献   

The analysis of PAHs nitrogen derivatives in the sewage sludges of upper Silesia, Poland     

Danuta Bodzek  Beata Janoszka  Lidia Warzecra 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1996,89(3-4):417-427

The dimethylformamide extracts from sewage sludges from a chosen sewage — treatment plant in highly industrialized region of Poland were investigated. Using the column chromatography with Al₂O₃ and silicic acid as the stationary phases, the fraction of azaarenes has been separated. GC-MS analysis of azaarenes fraction made it possible to identify 10 azaarenes and several of their alkyl derivatives, which dominate in the organic matter extracted from sewage sludges. The silicic acid column chromatography in connection with the reduction of nitroarenes and derivatization with pentafluoropropionic acid anhydride yielded an enriched nitrofraction. Nitroarenes present in this fraction as amide derivatives were also analysed by GGMS method. There was found presence of 3 nitroarenes and their methyl derivatives.  相似文献   

Species-specific sensitivity of earthworm coelomocytes to dermal metal (Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb, Zn) exposures: Methodological approach     

Barbara Plytycz  Malgorzata Klimek  Joanna Homa  Agnieszka Irena Mazur  Jerzy Kruk  A. John Morgan 《Pedobiologia》2011

Earthworm immune-competent cells (coelomocytes) can be adversely affected by soil metal contamination. The aim of the present paper was to perform comparative studies on the coelomocytes of four lumbricid species dermally exposed for 2 days to filter paper soaked with Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, or Pb chlorides (1 mM). Coelomocytes were expelled by electro-stimulation, counted, and assayed ex vivo by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. The coelomocytes of Allolobophora chlorotica and Dendrobaena veneta contain both amoebocytes and riboflavin-storing eleocytes; consequently, they were subjected to assays based on flow cytometric quantification of autofluorescent eleocytes and spectrofluorometric measurement of riboflavin content in coelomocyte lysates. In Al. chlorotica, the number of coelomocytes, the percentage of eleocytes, and the amount of riboflavin were significantly lower in Cu-exposed worms although these cytometric parameters were less affected by Ni, Zn, Cd exposure, and entirely unaffected by Pb exposure. In D. veneta, such cellular effects were also only observed in Cu-exposed worms. The coelomic fluids of Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus are constitutionally impoverished of eleocytes; therefore, these species could not be subjected to assays measuring the riboflavin content of these granular cells. Rather, the amoebocytes of Ap. caliginosa and L. rubellus were subjected to flow cytometric measurements of in vitro neutral red uptake (NR). However, the NR uptake assay was technically demanding, requiring a strictly normalized incubation period over all samples to yield useful comparative data. In contrast, the riboflavin content in the coelomocyte lysates of eleocyte-rich species appears to be a robust and convenient immune-function biomarker of environmental stress.  相似文献   

Riboflavin storage in earthworm chloragocytes and chloragocyte-derived eleocytes and its putative role as chemoattractant for immunocompetent cells     

Agnieszka Irena Mazur  Malgorzata Klimek  A. John Morgan  Barbara Plytycz 《Pedobiologia》2011

We have shown previously that riboflavin is stored in chloragosomes of chloragocyte-derived earthworm eleocytes what may have an adaptive value for worms vulnerable to soil-derived pathogen invasion. Thus, it is important to determine whether riboflavin stores are also present in earthworm species with low eleocyte counts, especially in the chloragocytes of their chloragogen tissue that surrounds the coelomic site of the intestine, and find out its putative roles in earthworm immunity. Experiments were performed on adult worms from 6 species. Freely floating coelomocytes (consisting of amoebocytes plus species-specific numbers of eleocytes) were extruded by mild electric shock and then chloragocytes from the same anaesthetized worm were mechanically detached into buffer. Both cell suspensions were analyzed by spectrofluorometry for riboflavin content. It turned out that riboflavin is stored in species-specific quantities in all investigated species. Riboflavin storage predominates in free coelomocytes of eleocyte-rich species (Eisenia andrei, Dendrobaena veneta, Allolobophora chlorotica) while in chloragocytes of species with few eleocytes (Lumbricus terrestris, L. rubellus, and Aporrectodea caliginosa). Upon a massive microbial impact, the coelomocytes (both amoebocytes and eleocytes) are involved in the formation of multicellular bodies encapsulating soil-derived pathogens, what is connected with enhanced coelomocyte mobility. Thus the second aim of the present investigation was to check if riboflavin can participate in coelomocyte accumulations. Tests performed in a 48-well chemotaxis chamber revealed that riboflavin behave as chemoattractant for coelomocytes of all investigated earthworm species, which may be one of mechanisms underpinning its immunomodulatory functions.  相似文献   

Effects of the commercial extract of aronia on oxidative stress in blood platelets isolated from breast cancer patients after the surgery and various phases of the chemotherapy     

Kedzierska M  Olas B  Wachowicz B  Glowacki R  Bald E  Czernek U  Szydłowska-Pazera K  Potemski P  Piekarski J  Jeziorski A 《Fitoterapia》2012,83(2):310-317

Since the extract from berries of Aronia melanocarpa presents antioxidative properties in plasma and in blood platelets, not only from healthy group, but also from patients with benign breast diseases and in patients with invasive breast cancer before surgery, the aim of our present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress by measuring the level of various biomarkers of this process such as the generation of superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-·)), the amount of carbonyl groups and 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins or the amount of glutathione in blood platelets isolated from breast cancer patients after the surgery and after various phases of the chemotherapy in the presence of A. melanocarpa extract (Aronox) in vitro. We demonstrated in platelet proteins from patients with invasive breast cancer (after the surgery and after various phases of the chemotherapy) higher level of carbonyl groups than in control healthy group. The level of 3-nitrotyrosine in platelet proteins from patients with invasive breast cancer was also significantly higher than in healthy subject group. We observed an increase of other biomarkers of oxidative stress such as O(2)(-·) and a decrease of GSH in platelets from patients with breast cancer (after the surgery and after various phases of the chemotherapy) compared to the healthy group. In model system in vitro our results showed that the commercial extract from berries of A. melanocarpa due to antioxidant action, significantly reduced the oxidative/nitrative stress in platelets from patients with invasive breast cancer caused by the surgery and various phases of the chemotherapy.  相似文献   

Antimicrobial activity of textiles with selected dyes and finishing agents used in the textile industry     

Beata Gutarowska  Waldemar Machnowski  Łukasz Kowzowicz 《Fibers and Polymers》2013,14(3):415-422

It is shown in this paper that cationic dyes and chemical finishing agents for textiles exhibit antimicrobial properties both in solution and when present on textile products. The dye Maxilon Navy 2RM has particularly high antimicrobial activity — its values of the minimum concentration inhibiting the growth of the studied microorganisms (MIC and MBC) are very low, in the range 0.0003–0.06 %. The tested dyes display mainly fungistatic action, while the fiber softener Sapamine OC and the dyeing fixative wet fastness improver Albafix WFF were more active against bacteria. The paper presents sensitivity series of microorganisms with respect to the tested dyes and finishing agents. Fabrics to which the substances had been applied showed reductions in microorganism numbers by 16 % to 99.9 %, depending on the type of substance and the microorganism. The studies showed that in some cases the use of a typical (justified technologically) quantity of dye or finishing agent imparts high antimicrobial activity to the textile materials, with bacteria or fungi reduced by more than 99 %.  相似文献   

Comparison of mouse and rabbit model for the assessment of strong PGM-containing oil-based adjuvants     

Habjanec L  Halassy B  Vdović V  Balija ML  Tomasić J 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,121(3-4):232-240

Peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) is an adjuvant active molecule with potential for use in human and veterinary vaccine. PGM's action is short-lived in mammals hence its effects might be limited. Novel PGM-containing oil-based formulations have been developed recently by incorporation of PGM into Montanide ISA720 and ISA206 adjuvants with the aim to prolong and improve immunostimulating activities of PGM. In the present work we studied the efficacy of such novel adjuvant formulations using two different antigens, ovalbumin and snake venom, respectively. Novel formulations were also tested in two experimental models, mice and rabbits. In rabbits the incorporation of PGM into oil-based adjuvants led to overall improvement of antigen-specific IgG response. However, in the mouse model, under experimental conditions used, it was not possible to distinguish differences in antigen-specific IgG response among several strong oil-based adjuvant formulations.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of levosulpiride after single‐dose administration in goats (Capra hircus) by different routes of administration     

Beata &#x;ebkowska‐Wieruszewska  Giovanni Barsotti  Francesco Camillo  Alessandra Rota  Duccio Panzani  Amnart Poapolathep  Andrzej Lisowski  Mario Giorgi 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2019,42(4):440-446

Levosulpiride (LSP) is the l‐enantiomer of sulpiride, and LSP recently replacing sulpiride in several EU countries. Several studies about LSP in humans are present in the literature, but neither pharmacodynamic nor pharmacokinetic data of LSP is present for veterinary species. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of LSP after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral (PO) administration in goats. Animals (n = 6) were treated with 50 mg LSP by IV, IM, and PO routes according to a randomized cross‐over design (3 × 3 Latin‐square). Blood samples were collected prior and up to 24 hr after LSP administration and quantified using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detection. IV and IM administration gave similar concentration versus time curve profiles. The IM mean bioavailability was 66.97%. After PO administration, the drug plasma concentrations were detectable only in the time range 1.5–4 hr, and the bioavailability (4.73%) was low. When the AUC was related to the administered dose in mg/kg, there was a good correlation in the IV and IM groups, but very low correlation for the PO route. In conclusion, the IM and IV administrations result in very similar plasma concentrations. Oral dosing of LSP in goats is probably not viable as its oral bioavailability was very low.  相似文献