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1.
The epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) and the grey carpet shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) are commonly found in periodically hypoxic environments. The ecophysiological time available for these animals to safely
exploit these niches during different seasonal temperatures was examined. The time to loss of righting reflex (T
LRR) was examined in response to an open ended anoxic challenge at three seasonal temperatures (23, 25 and 27°C). Ventilation
rates were measured in an open ended anoxic challenge at 23°C and during 1.5 h of anoxia followed by 2 h of re-oxygenation
at 23 and 25°C. The mean T
LRR of epaulette and grey carpet sharks was inversely proportional to temperature. The T
LRR was similar between species at 23°C; however, grey carpet sharks had significantly reduced T
LRR at higher temperatures. During the standardised anoxic challenge, epaulette sharks entered into ventilatory depression significantly
earlier at 25°C. During re-oxygenation, epaulette sharks exposed to anoxia at 23°C had no significant increase in ventilation
rates. However, after anoxic challenge and re-oxygenation at 25°C, epaulette sharks showed a significant increase in ventilation
rates during re-oxygenation. Grey carpet sharks displayed no evidence of ventilatory depression during anoxia. However, during
re-oxygenation, grey carpet sharks had significantly elevated ventilation rates above pre-experimental levels and control
animals. These data demonstrate that the anoxia tolerance times of both species were temperature dependent, with a significant
reduction in the T
LRR occurring at higher temperatures. Epaulette sharks had a significantly greater T
LRR at higher temperatures than grey carpet sharks, which did not enter into a ventilatory depression. 相似文献
2.
Diplas P Dancey CL Celik AO Valyrakis M Greer K Akar T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5902):717-720
Fundamental to our understanding of erosional and transport phenomena in earth-surface dynamics and engineering is knowledge of the conditions under which sediment motion will begin when subjected to turbulent flow. The onset criterion currently in use emphasizes the time-averaged boundary shear stress and therefore is incapable of accounting for the fluctuating forces encountered in turbulent flows. We have validated through laboratory experiments and analytical formulation of the problem a criterion based upon the impulse imparted to a sediment grain. We demonstrate that in addition to the magnitude of the instantaneous turbulent forces applied on a sediment grain, the duration of these turbulent forces is also important in determining the sediment grain's threshold of motion, and that their product, or impulse, is better suited for specifying such conditions. 相似文献
3.
Significant increases in pulping efficiency in C4H-F5H-transformed poplars: improved chemical savings and reduced environmental toxins 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Huntley SK Ellis D Gilbert M Chapple C Mansfield SD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(21):6178-6183
The gene encoding ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) was overexpressed in poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) using the cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) promoter to drive expression specifically in cells involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway and was shown to significantly alter the mole percentage of syringyl subunits in the lignin, as determined by thioacidolysis. Analysis of poplar transformed with a C4H-F5H construct demonstrated significant increases in chemical (kraft) pulping efficiency from greenhouse-grown trees. Compared to wild-type wood, decreases of 23 kappa units and increases of >20 ISO brightness units were observed in trees exhibiting high syringyl monomer concentrations. These changes were associated with no significant modification in total lignin content and no observed phenotypic differences. C4H-F5H-transformed trees could increase pulp throughputs at mills by >60% while concurrently decreasing chemicals employed during processing (chemical pulping and bleaching) and, consequently, the amount of deleterious byproducts released into the environment. 相似文献
4.
Liu J Benedict CR Stipanovic RD Magill CW Bell AA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(11):3165-3172
Terpenoids play an important role in defense against insects and pathogens in cotton. These terpenoids contain phenolic groups. Metabolites in which the phenolic group has been converted to a methoxy group are less toxic to most insects and pathogens and thus may alter resistance. Here is reported the cloning of a gene from Gossypium barbadense that encodes the enzyme that methylates the phenolic group of desoxyhemigossypol (dHG) exclusively at the 6-position, dHG-6-O-methyltransferase (dHG-6-OMT). Partial peptide sequences from digests of purified dHG-6-OMT were used to design primers for RT-PCR amplification of cDNA fragments from poly(A) mRNA. Fragments were extended to full length using 5' and 3' RACE. The resulting cDNA codes for a 365-residue polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 40.6 kDa, in agreement with the molecular mass of purified dHG-6-OMT. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the bacterial lysates showed a high specificity for the methylation of desoxyhemigossypol, differentiating the cloned gene from other pathogen-induced methyltransferases. 相似文献
5.
The histamine 4 (H4) receptor was first cloned and characterized in 2000 using the human H3 receptor DNA sequence. The H4 receptor has been shown to participate in various aspects of inflammation, such as chemotaxis, upregulation of adhesion molecule expression and modulation of cytokine secretion. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether H4 receptor mRNA is expressed in normal canine skin by performing an RT‐PCR. An additional goal was to determine the expression of this receptor in the colon, liver, spleen and kidney. Tissues were collected from five healthy, young‐adult pit bull dogs. Samples were immediately placed in RNAlater® solution and stored at ?20°C until processed. The amplified products in all skin samples in addition to the colon, liver, spleen and kidney (variable expression) had the expected size of 400–500 bp. The sequenced amplicons matched the National Center for Biotechnology Information published sequence for the canine H4 receptor. The study results showed that canine normal skin expresses the H4 receptor mRNA. Further studies using immunohistochemistry should be conducted to demonstrate the expression of the H4 receptor at the protein level and to localize the expression of this receptor in the skin. 相似文献
6.
We examined the photosynthetic responses of four species of saplings growing in the understory of the Duke Forest FACE experiment during the seventh year of exposure to elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]). Saplings of these same species were measured in the first year of the Duke Forest FACE experiment and at that time showed only seasonal fluctuations in acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated [CO2]. Based on observations from the Duke Forest FACE experiment, we hypothesized that after seven years of exposure to elevated [CO2] significant photosynthetic down-regulation would be observed in these tree species. To test our hypothesis, photosynthetic CO2-response and light-response curves, along with chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration and foliar N were measured twice during the summer of 2003. Exposure to elevated [CO2] continued to increase photosynthesis in all species measured after seven years of treatment with the greatest photosynthetic increase observed near saturating irradiances. In all species, elevated [CO2] increased electron transport efficiency but did not significantly alter carboxylation efficiency. Quantum yield estimated by light curves, chlorophyll concentration, and foliar nitrogen concentrations were unaffected by elevated [CO2]. Contrary to our hypothesis, there is little evidence of progressive N limitation of leaf-level processes in these understory tree species after seven years of exposure to elevated [CO2] in the Duke Forest FACE experiment. 相似文献
7.
We examined the effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) on the relationship between light-saturated net photosynthesis (A(sat)) and area-based foliar nitrogen (N) concentration (N(a)) in the canopy of the Duke Forest FACE experiment. Measurements of A(sat) and N(a) were made on two tree species growing in the forest overstory and four tree species growing in the forest understory, in ambient and elevated [CO2] FACE rings, during early and late summer of 1999, 2001 and 2002, corresponding to years three, five and six of CO2 treatment. When measured at the growth [CO2], net photosynthetic rates of each species examined in the forest overstory and understory were stimulated by elevated [CO2] at each measurement date. We found no effect of elevated [CO2] on N(a) in any of the species. The slope of the A(sat)-N relationship was 81% greater in elevated [CO2] than in ambient [CO2] when averaged across all sample dates, reflecting a differential CO2 effect on photosynthesis at the top and bottom of the canopy. We compared A(sat)-N relationships in trees grown in ambient and elevated [CO2] at two common CO2 concentrations, during late summer 2001 and both early and late 2002, to determine if the stimulatory effect of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis diminishes over time. At all three sample times, neither the slopes nor the y-intercepts of the A(sat)-N relationships of trees grown in ambient or elevated [CO2] differed when measured at common CO2 concentrations, indicating that the responses of photosynthesis to long-term elevated [CO2] did not differ from the responses to a short-term increase in [CO2]. This finding, together with the observation that N(a) was unaffected by growth in elevated [CO2], indicates that these overstory and understory trees growing at the Duke Forest FACE experiment continue to show a strong stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated [CO2]. 相似文献
8.
An Assessment of Hatchery Cohort Growth Rates of South African Abalone,Haliotis midae,Across Four Commercial Environments 
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下载免费PDF全文 Arnold C. Vlok Gareth F. Difford Clint Rhode Danie Brink 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2016,47(5):658-666
The abalone, Haliotis midae (commonly referred to as “perlemoen”), is an important aquaculture species in South Africa, accounting for the highest percentage of total aquaculture production revenue. The industry largely makes use of wild, undomesticated broodstock and thus a consortium of top producers was formed to develop a genetic improvement program to increase efficiency and sustainability of the industry. As such, the current study aimed to evaluate growth trait performance (wet weight and shell length) of four hatchery‐derived cohorts of South African abalone, across four differing production environments. No significant cohort‐by‐location effects were found for weight and length traits; however, differences were detected between respective cohorts and locations. It is concluded that a single synthetic population comprised of all hatchery cohorts under a single breeding goal is suitable for production at all test locations. Furthermore, advances in artificial reproductive technologies, genetic markers, and individual identification hold promise for genetic improvement of the species. 相似文献
9.
Potter TL Reddy KN Millhollen EP Bednarz CW Bosch DD Truman CC Strickland T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(13):3795-3802
Soil dissipation of the cotton defoliant tribufos was measured in laboratory incubations and on 0.2-ha research plots. Computed 50% dissipation time (DT(50)) using nonlinear and linear kinetic models ranged from 1 to 19 days. Data indicated that exchangeable soil aluminum inhibited tribufos-degrading soil organisms. Nevertheless, measured DT(50) values were 40 to 700 times less than the aerobic soil half-life (t(1/2)) values used in recent tribufos risk assessments. DT(50) values suggest that risk estimates were overstated. However, edge-of-field runoff concentrations measured on research plots exceeded invertebrate LOECs, thus some aquatic risk is indicated. Field data also suggested that volatilization may be a significant soil dissipation pathway. From this result, we conclude that volatilization should be included in simulation models used for pesticide registration. This will likely improve the accuracy of model outputs for products such as tribufos. Potential volatilization losses indicate a need to evaluate the atmospheric behavior of tribufos. 相似文献
10.
Shannon MaleskyJason Turner PhD Clint LöestLiang Chen PhD Johnette Browne-Silva PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2013
Six mature Quarter Horse geldings (age, 11.5 ± 4.7 years; body weight [BW], 526 ± 9.2 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of three dietary lysine (Lys) levels on nitrogen (N) retention and plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations. The geldings were fed a basal diet of concentrate and Bermuda grass hay supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids (EAA) to meet estimated requirements for EAA. Geldings were fed one of three dietary treatments: (1) a basal diet deficient in Lys (L−; 0.027 g of Lys•kg−1 BW•d−1); (2) a basal diet supplemented with synthetic Lys to meet National Research Council (NRC; 2007) requirements (L+; 0.036 g of Lys•kg−1 BW•d−1); or (3) a basal diet supplemented at twice the recommended Lys requirement (2 × L; 0.070 g Lys•kg−1 BW•d−1). Horses fed the 2 × L diet had higher N intakes (P = .0056) than horses fed either the L− or L+ diet. However N retention (P = .63) was not different between treatments. Plasma Lys was greater (P < .0001) in 2 × L than L− and L+ diets. Plasma threonine (Thr; P < .01), methionine (Met; P = .03), and total plasma non-EAA (P < .05) concentrations decreased as dietary Lys increased. These results suggest N retention is not a good response criterion for evaluating the AA requirements of mature horses. However, plasma AA data indicated more efficient use of Thr and Met when horses were fed dietary Lys in concentrations greater than the current requirement recommended by the Nutrient Requirements of Horses (National Research Council, 2007). 相似文献