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1.
Shinichi Tatsumi Toshiaki Owari Hisatomi Kasahara Yuji Nakagawa 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(4):369-378
Quantifying tree damage and mortality caused by single-tree selection harvesting is critical to understanding postharvest forest dynamics and management. In this study, we quantified the effects of tree size and species and the distance from residual trees to felled trees and skid trails on damage to residual trees and mortality in mixed coniferous–broadleaved stands of Hokkaido, northern Japan. Among the 4,961 trees that we studied, 373 (7.5 %) were damaged, and 148 of these trees (3.0 %) died during or immediately after logging. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling showed that the risk of damage to residual trees increased with increasing size of the felled trees and with increasing proximity to felled trees and skid trails. Smaller residual trees had the greatest risk of damage. Species differed in their susceptibility to damage; Abies sachalinensis (Fr. Schm.) Masters and Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Carr. were the most susceptible species in our sample plots. Smaller damaged trees had the highest risk of mortality. The damaged trees that did not die at the time of logging had a higher risk of postharvest mortality than undamaged trees. Our results indicate that, to minimize logging-induced damage and mortality: (1) the spatial arrangement of skid trails should be optimized and fixed, (2) the risk of skidding damage should be considered before marking the trees to be harvested and choosing the felling direction, and (3) logging operators should be instructed to avoid damaging small trees, especially those of the species that are most susceptible to damage. 相似文献
2.
The authors previously reported that the number and size of juxtaglomerular cells (JGCs) in the kidney increased during smoltification
in masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. In the present study, the effects of cortisol and/or angiotensin (Ang) II ([Asn1, Val5]-Ang II) on the JGC number and size in masu salmon were examined to elucidate hormonal regulation of the changes in the JGC
number and size during smoltification. These hormones were injected intraperitoneally every 2 days for a total of 6 injections.
There was a significant increase in the JGC number and size with time following the start of the experiment in cortisol- and
cortisol + Ang II-treated groups and no significant change in control and Ang II-treated groups. On both days 5 and 11, the
JGC number and size in the cortisol-treated group were significantly large compared to those of control and Ang II-treated
groups, respectively. The JGC number and size in the cortisol + Ang II-treated group were significantly large compared to
those of control on both days 5 and 11, and those of the Ang II-treated group only on day 11, respectively. On the other hand,
there was no significant difference in the JGC number and size between the Ang II-treated and control groups and between the
cortisol- and cortisol + Ang II-treated groups during the experiment, respectively. The means of the JGC number and size in
cortisol-treated group on day 11 were close to those previously reported in smolt. These results suggest that cortisol induces
an increase in JGC number and size during smoltification in masu salmon.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACT: The relation between the density of fish and parameters such as body weight, condition factor and the hepatic triglyceride (TG) content of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou juveniles after release into a natural stream were studied. Hatchery-reared juveniles of different sizes and numbers were released in May 1999, 2000 and 2001, and investigations were carried out from July to September each year. The density of fish was relatively high in 1999, when juveniles of the largest size and number were released, but then continued to decrease during the investigation. The hepatic TG content remained considerably low in 1999, and there was a significant negative correlation between the density of fish and the hepatic TG content of the juveniles caught over three years. The initial fish size and number at release as well as the nutritional condition of the juveniles may affect the density of fish after release. 相似文献
4.
Chang-Jin Ma Mikio Kasahara Susumu Tohno Tomihiro Kamiya 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1601-1606
To determine the characteristics of single raindrops as a function of their size, the collodion film method was newly applied to the sampling of single raindrops. Sampling of single raindrops was performed at a height of 20 m above ground level of the Kyoto University building located in Uji, Japan during rain events from September to November 1999. It was possible to get successfully replicas of raindrop by collodion film method. And we tried to analyze the elemental components of the nuclei and pollutants that were incorporated into the developing raindrop. To the analysis of single raindrops, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was applied. Several elements including S in single raindrops were detected by PIXE. The concentrations of every element increased with decreasing drop diameter. Furthermore, to acquire more detailed information such as inner-structure and mixing state in single raindrops, micro-PIXE analysis was performed. The nucleation centers of single raindrops were successfully analyzed by micro-PIXE. Ca, S and Fe were apparently detected by scanning beam of 1 ～ 2 µm diameter and about 70 pA beam current. 相似文献
5.
Toshihiko Karasawa Yoshiaki Kasahara Masako Takebe 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2001,33(4):286-293
The effects of the preceding crops, sunflower (mycorrhizal host) and mustard (nonhost), on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and growth of succeeding maize were examined in 17 soils in an attempt to clarify the influence of soil characteristics on the effects of preceding crops. Shoot weight and P uptake of maize planted after sunflower were much higher than those after mustard in 14 soils, although the preceding crop had little effect on soil-P availability. AM colonization of maize after sunflower was much higher than that after mustard. The effect of the preceding crop was eliminated by soil sterilization. These results suggested that the differences in maize growth were caused by differences in the AM colonization. Correlation analysis of the effect of the preceding crop and soil properties showed that the difference in the effects on maize growth could not be explained by soil chemical properties, but only by the AM colonization of the preceding sunflower crop. In one of the 17 soils, however, the effect was not evident despite the higher AM colonization of sunflower. This soil was sterilized, and the effect of inoculation by AM fungi (AMF) on maize was examined. However, it was found that the inoculation increased AM colonization but did not improve maize growth at any P level, suggesting that the effect of AMF was unusually inhibited in this soil by unknown soil physicochemical properties. In most soils, however, the preceding mycorrhizal host crop, sunflower, improved the growth and AM colonization of maize depending on the AM colonization of sunflower. 相似文献
6.
Hisatomi E Matsui M Kubota K Kobayashi A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(10):4924-4928
The antioxidative activity of the dried pericarp and seed of Japanese pepper was studied. The ethyl acetate extract from the pericarp and the methanol extract from the seed showed strong antioxidative activity against linoleic acid by the ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. Japanese pepper contained 3.9 and 2.9 mg/100 g of dry weight (dw) of tocopherols in the pericarp and seed, respectively, alpha-Toc in the former constituting 82% of total tocopherol and gamma-Toc in the latter constituting 96%. Arbutin and magnoflorine were isolated as antioxidants and their chemical structures determined by instrumental analyses. The contents of arbutin evaluated as the trifluoroacetate derivative by GC-MS were 35 and 3.0 mg/100 g of dw in the pericarp and seed, respectively. Magnoflorine was present only in the seed, and not in the pericarp. Both arbutin and magnoflorine exhibited antioxidative activity against linoleic acid and radical-scavenging activity against the DPPH radical. 相似文献
7.
8.
Yuichi Kuroiwa Ryo Ando Kenichiro Kasahara Mariko Nagatani Seiki Yamakawa Shuzo Okazaki 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2013,26(2):227-230
Historical control data of tumor incidence were collected from the control groups (215
animals of each sex) in four recent carcinogenicity studies that were started between 2005
to 2009 (terminally sacrificed between 2007 and 2011) at BoZo Research Center Inc.
(Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan) using Fischer 344 rats (F344/DuCrlCrlj). These data were
compared to the previous historical control data (from 1990 to 2004, previously reported)
in the same facility. In the results, the incidence of C-cell adenoma in the thyroid
tended to increase in both sexes in recent years (30.8% for males and 24.4% for females in
2005-2009) as compared with the previous data (17.4% and 20.1% for males and 11.5% and
11.8% for females in 1990–1999 and 2000–2004, respectively). In addition, the incidences
of pancreatic islet cell adenoma in males and uterine adenocarcinoma tended to increase
from around 2000 and remained high in recent years (incidences of islet cell adenoma in
males of 10.5%, 17.1% and 20.5% in 1990–1999, 2000–2004 and 2005–2009; incidences of
uterine adenocarcinoma of 3.3%, 12.0% and 13.5% in 1990–1999, 2000–2004 and 2005–2009,
respectively). There was no apparent difference in the incidence of other tumors. 相似文献
9.
AbstractEffective soil diagnostic criteria for exchangeable potassium (Ex-K) combined with inorganic potassium (K) application rates were developed to lower K input in forage corn (Zea mays L.) production using experimental fields with different application rates and histories of cattle manure compost. Two corn varieties, ‘Cecilia’ as a low K uptake variety and ‘Yumechikara’ as a high K uptake variety, were selected from among 20 varieties and tested to make diagnostic criteria for K fertilization applicable to varieties with different K uptakes. The K uptakes increased from 96 to 303 kg K ha?1 for ‘Cecilia’ and from 123 to 411 kg K ha?1 for ‘Yumechikara’ with increasing Ex-K content on a dry soil basis from 0.11 to 0.92 g kg?1 with no inorganic K fertilizer application. The K uptake by corn for achieving the target dry matter yield of 18 Mg ha?1 was estimated to be approximately 200 kg K ha?1 in common between the two varieties. Yields of both varieties achieved the target yield at an Ex-K content of approximately 0.30 g kg?1 with no K fertilization, although ‘Yumechikara’ reached the target yield at a lower Ex-K content. At the low Ex-K content of 0.1 g kg?1, inorganic K fertilizer application at 83 kg K ha?1 was needed to gain the target yield, and apparent K recovery rate for K fertilizer was calculated to be 70% for both varieties. The K uptakes for gaining the target yield by the K fertilization were lower than that by soil K supply. Based on these results, diagnostic criteria of Ex-K and inorganic K application rates were set up as follows: at an Ex-K content of < 0.15 g kg?1, inorganic K fertilizer is applied at 83 kg K ha?1 (100 kg ha?1 as potassium oxide (K2O) equivalent); at an Ex-K content of 0.15–0.30 g kg?1, the application rate is reduced to 33 kg K ha?1 (40 kg K2O ha?1); at an Ex-K content of ≥ 0.30 g kg?1, inorganic K fertilizer is not applied because of sufficient K in the soil. Additionally, we propose that cattle manure compost be used to supplement soil K fertility. 相似文献
10.
Amenomori M Ayabe S Bi XJ Chen D Cui SW Danzengluobu Ding LK Ding XH Feng CF Feng Z Feng ZY Gao XY Geng QX Guo HW He HH He M Hibino K Hotta N Hu H Hu HB Huang J Huang Q Jia HY Kajino F Kasahara K Katayose Y Kato C Kawata K Labaciren Le GM Li AF Li JY Lou YQ Lu H Lu SL Meng XR Mizutani K Mu J Munakata K Nagai A Nanjo H Nishizawa M Ohnishi M Ohta I Onuma H Ouchi T Ozawa S Ren JR Saito T Saito TY Sakata M Sako TK Sasaki T Shibata M Shiomi A Shirai T Sugimoto H Takita M Tan YH Tateyama N Torii S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5798):439-443
The intensity of Galactic cosmic rays is nearly isotropic because of the influence of magnetic fields in the Milky Way. Here, we present two-dimensional high-precision anisotropy measurement for energies from a few to several hundred teraelectronvolts (TeV), using the large data sample of the Tibet Air Shower Arrays. Besides revealing finer details of the known anisotropies, a new component of Galactic cosmic ray anisotropy in sidereal time is uncovered around the Cygnus region direction. For cosmic-ray energies up to a few hundred TeV, all components of anisotropies fade away, showing a corotation of Galactic cosmic rays with the local Galactic magnetic environment. These results have broad implications for a comprehensive understanding of cosmic rays, supernovae, magnetic fields, and heliospheric and Galactic dynamic environments. 相似文献