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1.
Fine roots are a key component of forested ecosystems, but available information is still limited. This study examined the production and mortality of fine roots less than 1 mm in diameter in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation located on the Kanto Plain in central Japan. We used a minirhizotron technique in combination with soil coring, and collected data for 1 year (May 2002–May 2003). Fine root production and mortality were determined from changes in the lengths of individual fine roots on minirhizotron tubes. Both fine root production and mortality rates were greater in the upper soil than in lower soil levels. Both rates were seasonal, with higher values in summer than in winter; this trend was more pronounced in upper soil levels. These results suggest that environmental conditions, such as temperature or soil properties, affect the production and mortality rates of fine roots. Fine root production and mortality occurred simultaneously, and their rates were similar, which may have led to unclear seasonal changes in fine root standing crop estimates. Soil coring indicated that the fine root biomass of this stand was about 120 g m−2, of which 40% was from Japanese cedar. The estimated rates of dry matter production and mortality of total fine roots, including understory plants, were both approximately 300 g m−2 year−1.  相似文献   
2.
To understand the organic sulfur (S) stabilization in volcanic soils, we investigated organic S transformation rates and their relationships to soil properties in incubation experiments using forest soils from the Nikko volcanic region, central Japan. We hypothesized that carbon (C)-bonded S would first be transformed into ester sulfate-S and then into inorganic sulfate-S. We separately calculated the rates of decrease of C-bonded S (velocity 1, v 1) and ester sulfate-S (velocity 2, v 2) concentrations. During incubation, the ester sulfate-S concentration increased in two soils characterized by a high concentration of both ammonium oxalate-extractable aluminum (Alo) and pyrophosphate-extractable Al (Alp), whereas the C-bonded S concentration decreased in all soils. A large proportion of the S that was lost in the incubation experiments consisted of C-bonded S rather than ester sulfate-S. Velocity 2 was negatively correlated with both of Alo and Alp contents when soils were incubated at 20 °C. These results suggest that when C-bonded S is transformed into ester sulfate-S, complete mineralization to inorganic sulfate is inhibited, because ester sulfate-S is stabilized due to organo–mineral association. Incubation temperatures significantly affected v 2. Thus, production of inorganic sulfate by mineralization of ester sulfate-S appeared to be regulated by soil Al contents and temperatures. Velocity 1 was proportional to soil pH ranging from 4.5 to 5.5, indicating that the degradation of C-bonded S is pH dependent.  相似文献   
3.
We estimated fine root biomass in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation using a min-irhizotron technique. Since data obtained from minirhizo-trons are limited to the length and diameter of fine roots observed on minirhizotron tubes, data conversion is necessary to determine the fine root biomass per unit soil volume or unit stand area. We first examined the regression between diameter squared and weight per unit length of fine roots in soil core samples, and calculated the fine root biomass on minirhizotron tubes from their length and diameter. Then we determined conversion factors based on the ratio of the fine root biomass in soil core samples to that on minirhizotron tubes. We examined calculation methods, using a single conversion factor for total fine root biomass in the soil for depths of 0–40cm (Cal1), or using four conversion factors for fine roots in the soil at 10-cm intervals (Cal2). Cal1 overestimated fine root biomass in the lower soil or underestimated that in the upper soil, while fine root biomass calculated using Cal2 better matched that in soil core samples. These results suggest that minirhizotron data should be converted separately for different soil depths to better estimate fine root biomass.  相似文献   
4.
The stem productivity of the hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) in relation to plant nitrogen status and water-use efficiency was investigated in the Okuono (OKU) and Karakawa (KRK) areas in Shikoku district, Japan, where abundant precipitation occurs. The nitrogen concentration and carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) in the leaves were used as indexes of plant nitrogen status and water-use efficiency, respectively. The leaf nitrogen concentration increased with decreasing soil carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and with increasing soil pH. There was a marginally significant negative correlation between leaf δ13C and soil water content in the KRK area, but leaf δ13C in the OKU area did not correlate with the soil water condition, and increased on the upper slope. The results suggest that hinoki trees in the KRK area have higher water-use efficiency (high leaf δ13C) under lower soil water conditions. In the OKU area, meanwhile, leaf δ13C in the upper slope was higher due to adaptation to adverse conditions. When 12 plots in two areas were included, the mean height and stem increments increased with increasing leaf nitrogen concentration and with decreasing leaf δ13C. These findings suggest that nitrogen acquisition is a primary factor for stem productivity in the areas concerned but the productivity of some forests is restricted by the soil water condition or other conditions, as indicated by the high value of leaf δ13C. The measurement of nitrogen concentration and δ13C in leaves can provide us with valuable insights into the relative importance of nitrogen, water and other conditions on stem productivity in the two areas.  相似文献   
5.
Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO2 flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO2 flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO2-C m?2 h?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO2-C m?2 h?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO2 flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO2 flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH4 uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH4-C m?2 h?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH4 uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N2O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N2O-N m?2 h?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.  相似文献   
6.
We examined concentrations of boron (B) and dimerization of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG‐II), a B‐binding polysaccharide, in the cell wall of a low‐B sensitive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, bor1‐1, to investigate possible effects of the bor1‐1 mutation on the biochemical form of pectins in the cell wall. In the bor1‐1 mutant, B concentrations in the cell wall from shoots were lower than those in the wild type at low B supply, whereas they were similar at sufficient B supply. The amount of B present as borate ester of the RG‐II dimer (dRG‐II‐B) in the bor1‐1 mutant was lower than that in the wild type at low B supply. In the wild type, about 90 % of RG‐II was present as dRG‐II‐B, both, at low and sufficient B supply. In the bor1‐1 mutant, about 60 % of RG‐II was in its monomeric form (mRG‐II) at low B supply, whereas more than 85 % of it was present as dRG‐II‐B at sufficient B supply. However, similar as the wild type, mRG‐II derived from the bor1‐1 mutant was able to form dRG‐II‐B in vitro in the presence of borate and lead. Sugar composition of cell wall fractions was similar in both genotypes. These results suggest that the polysaccharide composition in the cell wall was not strongly affected by the bor1‐1 mutation. The observed difference in dimerization of RG‐II at low B supply is most likely due to a reduced B concentration in the shoots of the bor1‐1 mutant.  相似文献   
7.
Journal of Soils and Sediments - To restore the disaster resilience of coastal forests in tsunami-prone areas, growing bases have been artificially constructed with embanking before afforestation...  相似文献   
8.
We isolated a novel Arabidopsis thaliana mutant line that requires high levels of boron (B) for normal growth. Line 8–21 was identified from ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized M2 population. When grown in medium containing 3 μm or less B in the form of boric acid, the fresh weights of aerial portions of the mutant were about a half of those of the wild type, but in that containing 300 μm B, the growth appeared normal. The mutant plants did not shown any difference in root growth from the wild-type plants in the range of B concentrations tested. When grown with 30 μm B, the B concentration in shoots of the line 8–21 was similar to that in the wild-type, suggesting that the mutant could not utilize B efficiently. Line 8–21 was not allelic to bor1-1 (Noguchi et al., Plant Physiol., 115, 901–906, 1997). A significant portion of F2 plants from the crosses between the wild-type and the mutant grew poorly on a low B media, suggesting segregation of the mutation.  相似文献   
9.
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10.
Biomass and production of fine roots in Japanese forests   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
To better understand the control of fine-root dynamics in Japanese forests, we reviewed studies conducted in Japan on fine-root biomass and production. Most of the data on fine-root biomass were obtained for conifer plantations in limited regions; the average fine-root biomass of dominant trees ranged from ∼50 g m−2 for Pinus species (n = 3) to ∼600 g m−2 for Cryptomeria japonica (n = 4) and Chamaecyparis obtusa (n = 3). These values are comparable with or less than those reported for other temperate forests mainly in North America or Europe. Information on fine-root production in Japanese forests remains limited. Fine-root production accounted for ∼30% of the net primary productivity in two deciduous forests, but similar data was not reported for coniferous forests in Japan. In Japanese forests, slope position is a key parameter controlling fine-root biomass that is greater on upper slopes than on lower slopes, probably because soil resource availability decreases upslope. Studies in manipulated soil environments (e.g., removing throughfall to simulate drought) also suggested that fine-root biomass and production were greatly affected by altered soil environments. Physiological control of fine-root dynamics was recently discussed via anatomical analyses of Chamaecyparis obtusa. Findings from Japanese studies generally support data on fine-root biomass and production obtained from other temperate regions. Further attempts to elucidate the influence of slope position (soil resource availability) on fine-root production would be useful to gain a more detailed understanding of the fine-root dynamics in Japanese forests.  相似文献   
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