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Laurène?FeintrenieEmail author Wan?Kian?Chong Patrice?Levang 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(3):379-396
Indonesia has been the world’s largest producer and exporter of palm oil since 2008. This paper discussed the livelihood impacts
of oil palm development in Indonesia, based on lessons learnt from Bungo district, in the province of Jambi. The various community-company
partnerships that structure the sector are reviewed and the difficulties raised by the joint ventures schemes are discussed.
The merits and drawbacks of oil palm as a smallholder crop are then analysed, based on household socio-economic surveys conducted
in 2007–2010. The main causes of conflicts between oil palm companies and communities are unclear land tenure, and a recurrent
lack of leadership in smallholders’ cooperatives. Under fair partnerships between smallholders and companies, oil palm could
become a smallholder friendly crop. The land-use profitability analysis demonstrates the high returns that can be generated
by oil palm independent smallholdings, making it highly competitive with rubber, and much more profitable than rice production. 相似文献
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Manga Essouma François Michel Isabelle Mala William A. Levang Patrice Ambang Zachée Begoude Boyogueno Aimé D. Moisy Charlotte Ngono Françoise Carriere Stéphanie M. 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(5):843-854
Cocoa is a major crop and income source for most farmers and rural households in the Centre, South and South-West regions of Cameroon, where cocoa is generally produced in agroforestry systems. In this country, cocoa-based agroforestry systems (CBAFS) are undergoing multiple changes alongside the rapid changes underway in the natural, economic and socio-political conditions. This study—carried out in the Akongo subregion in central Cameroon—was designed to gain insight into the CBAFS trends and dynamics in the light of those multiple changes. This semi-structured socioeconomic survey involved interviews and direct observations at plot, farm, household and village scales. Overall, forty cocoa growers from ten villages were interviewed and then fifteen cocoa plots were characterized on the basis of the survey findings. They revealed that cocoa was the major crop in this study area, with cocoa plantations occupying three quarters of the total farming area. Three types of CBAFS were identified, which differed according to their vegetation structure, management practices and age of the plantations. Dynamics affecting the structural characteristics and the spatial extension of these systems emerged and were intimately linked to the dynamics of the cocoa farmer population in relation to their context.
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Jungle rubber is a blanced, diversified system derived from swidden cultivation, in which man-made forests with a high concentration of rubber trees replace fallows. Most of the income comes from rubber, complemented with temporary food and cash crops during the early years. Perennial species that grow spontaneously with rubber provide fruits, fuelwood and timber, mostly for household consumption. Jungle rubber enables lower incomes per land unit or man-day than weed-free plantations using selected rubber clones. Yet it requires much less input and labour since wild woody species protect rubber from grass weeds and mammalian predators. With a structure and biodiversity similar to that of secondary forest in its mature phase, jungle rubber belongs to complex agroforestry systems. It has accommodated increasing population densities, while preserving a forest-like environment.Yet farmers' income from jungle rubber is declining due to the exhaustion of forest reserves and reduced land availability. New research and extension options could help in improving the productivity of jungle rubber. Better transportation and marketing are needed for increasing the income from non-rubber output. Short-term, small-scale credit schemes could help farmers adopt high-yielding rubber varieties. Research should participate in creating new management methods for selected rubber based on agroforestry to reduce maintenance costs, enabling smallholders to plant high-yielding rubber at lower cost, and without losing too much of the present biodiversity and economic diversity.
Résumé Dérivées de l'essartage, les forêts à hévéa forment un système de culture équilibré et diversifié, où le recrû forestier est remplacé par une forêt anthropique à forte concentration d'hévéas. L'essentiel du revenu provient des hévéas, complétés par des cultures vivrières et commerciales pendant les premières années. Les espèces prérennes qui se développent spontanément avec les hévéas fournissent des fruits et du bois, principalement pour l'autoconsommation. Le revenu tiré de ce système est inférieur à celui de plantations d'hévéa clonal entretenues. Il nécessite cependant moins d'investissements en intrants et en travail grâce au rôle protecteur de courvert forestier vis-à-vis des adventices herbacées et des mannifères prédateurs. Avec une structure et une diversité d'espèces comparable à celles d'une forêt secondaire, ce système fait partie des agroforêts complexes. Il a fourni depuis 1910 l'essentiel du revenu d'une population en croissance rapide tout en préservant un environnement forestier.Le revenu que tirent les paysans des forêts à hévéa est en déclin en raison de l'augmentation de la population. De nouvelles orientations de la recherche et du développement pourraient permettre d'améliorer la productivité de ce système. Le revenu tiré de la composante nonhévéa pourrait être augmenté grâce à une amélioration des transports et de la commercialisation. Le crédit à court terme et à petite échelle permettrait aux paysans d'adopter des variétés d'hévéa sélectionné et d'augmenter ainsi leurs revenus. La recherche devrait aider à mettre au point de nouvelles méthodes de gestion des hévéas sélectionnés, de type agroforestier, afin de réduire les coûts d'entretien. Les paysans purraient ainsi planter des hévéas hauts producteurs à moindres frais, et conserver partiellement la diversité économique et écologique du système actuel.相似文献
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Sumatra’s Rubber Agroforests: Advent, Rise and Fall of a Sustainable Cropping System 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Until the end of the nineteenth century primary forests covered nearly all the island of Sumatra. The first valorisation of
this natural resource was hunting and gathering activities, followed by and later associated with swidden cultivation of upland
rice. The industrial revolution in Europe and North America in the 1950s created increasing demand for rubber. Answering this
new market opportunity, farmers introduced rubber seedlings in their swiddens amidst the upland rice. By doing so, they invented
a new cropping system, i.e. rubber agroforests. Thanks to the continuously increasing demand for rubber by the developing
industry, rubber agroforests spread over Sumatra’s eastern peneplains until the 1990s. Forest conversion to rubber agroforests
conserves a high level of forest biodiversity and the agroforests act as a buffer zone around national parks. But with growing
demographic pressure, market integration and household monetary needs, agroforests are increasingly endangered. New cropping
systems have appeared and challenge agroforests’ dominance in the landscape. Since the mid-twentieth century, rubber monospecific
plantations have been competing for land, with an undoubtedly higher profitability than agroforests. More recently, oil palm
plantations have spread over the island, quickly becoming the new challenger to rubber agroforestry. Nevertheless, the international
community shows more and more interest in forest and biodiversity conservation. Forest cover in Jambi province has nearly
disappeared over the past 30 years. The only way to save the remnants of forests and agroforests seems to be the creation
of market incentives through conservation programs such as reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation. 相似文献
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Peter Cronkleton Anne M. Larson Laurène Feintrenie Claude Garcia Patrice Levang 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(1):5-13
At the 2010 Montpellier conference on ‘Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry: Where do we go from here?’, researchers, policy-makers and practitioners came together to discuss historical trends and future directions for understanding and supporting forest sustainability and local livelihoods in forest-based communities. A consensus arising from these discussions was that there is a need to reframe and broaden approaches to understand forestry practised by smallholders and communities. The paper highlights three key topics from that discussion: (1) the need to reconsider definitions of community forestry, (2) the need to broaden understanding of rights surrounding forest resources and (3) the need to reframe research to focus on management of the forest–farm interface. 相似文献
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