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1.
The bending properties of split bamboo culm were compared with those of spruce and beech wood specimens. The bamboo allowed
large flexural deformation since its outer layer retains the tensile stress while the softer inner layer undergoes large compressive
deformation. The results suggested that the combination of the fiber-rich outer part and the compressible inner part was responsible
for the flexural ductility of split bamboo. To clarify the compressible nature of the inner part of bamboo, the longitudinal
surfaces of the bamboo and wood specimens were microscopically observed before and after a large longitudinal compression.
Although the wood specimens showed serious and localized buckling, the inner part of the bamboo specimens showed no such visible
buckling. In the latter case, the foam-like parenchyma cells absorbed the large compressive deformation by their microscopic
buckling and simultaneously, the alignment of sclerenchyma fibers was maintained by the surrounding parenchyma matrix. The
flexural elasticity of the bamboo was compared to that of the wood in respect of remaining strain during cyclic bending tests.
No clear difference was recognized between their remaining strains. This fact indicated that the bamboo was not so flexible
elastically, although its fiber–foam combination and intelligent fiber distribution improve flexural ductility. 相似文献
2.
The effect of heating on the hygroscopicity of Japanese cedar wood was investigated as a simple evaluation of thermal degradation
in large-dimension timber being kiln-dried at high temperatures (>100°C). Small wood pieces were heated at 120°C in the absence
of moisture (dry heating) and steamed at 60°, 90°, and 120°C with saturated water vapor over 2 weeks, and their equilibrium
moisture contents (M) at 20°C and 60% relative humidity (RH) were compared with those of unheated samples. No significant change was induced by
steaming at 60°C, while heating above 90°C caused loss in weight (WL) and reduction in M of wood. The effects of steaming were greater than those of dry heating at the same heating temperature. After extraction
in water, the steamed wood showed additional WL and slight increase in M because of the loss of water-soluble decomposition residue. The M of heated wood decreased with increasing WL, and such a correlation became clearer after the extraction in water. On the basis of experimental correlation, the WL of local parts in large-dimension kiln-dried timber was evaluated from their M values. The results indicated that the thermal degradation of inner parts was greater than that of outer parts. 相似文献
3.
The radial compression behaviors of acetylated cedar wood were measured in various liquids. The compressive Young’s modulus
(E) of acetylated wood was reduced by soaking in water, toluene, and acetone, but it was always greater than that of water-swollen
unmodified wood at the same swelling level. The behaviors of acetone-swollen unmodified wood were similar to those of acetylated
wood rather than those of water-swollen unmodified wood. These results indicated that the swelling of hydrophobic wood components
had a lesser influence on the E of wood than the water-swelling of unmodified hydrophilic components. After large compression (ε > 45%), a part of the strain
remained unrecovered because of irreversible mechanical deformation. Since the remaining strain was smaller in the wood specimens
indicating greater stress relaxation, it was assumed that the viscoelastic deformation of amorphous matrix components is important
for lesser irreversible deformation and effective shape recovery of wood. In contrast with water-swollen unmodified wood,
the acetylated wood and acetone-swollen unmodified wood exhibited greater shape recovery despite their relatively higher E. This suggested that the swelling of hydrophobic wood components reduced the viscosity of the matrix rather than its elasticity,
resulting in more effective shape recovery with lesser softening. 相似文献
4.
Takuya Gunji Eiichi Obataya Hidefumi Yamauchi Kenzo Aoyama 《Journal of Wood Science》2012,58(4):369-372
The effects of a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) overlay on the wooden soundboard of a harp were compared to those of conventional veneer reinforcement with respect to the vibrational properties and bending strength. CFRP reinforcement has a minimal effect on the vibrational properties of the soundboard in its width direction, whereas conventional veneer reinforcement significantly reduces the acoustic conversion efficiency of the soundboard. The CFRP-reinforced soundboard also has sufficient bending strength in its longitudinal direction. These results indicate that CFRP is a promising material for the reinforcement of the wooden soundboards of harps to minimize the reduction of the sound amplitude. 相似文献
5.
The vibrational properties of a harp soundboard were investigated with respect to its multi-layered structure. The surfaces of harp soundboards are usually reinforced with veneer; however, this reduces the specific dynamic Young’s modulus (E′/ρ) and significantly increases the internal friction (Q ?1) of soundboards. Since smaller E′/ρ and greater Q ?1 values impart a smaller acoustic conversion efficiency, the attachment of veneer is predicted to reduce the amplitude of the sound produced, as suggested by harp makers. The vibrational properties of veneer-reinforced wood are elucidated using a multi-layered model comprising base wood, a glue layer, veneer and a varnish layer. The results of calculations suggest that a thinner veneer attached with minimal glue would increase the sound amplitude. 相似文献
6.
To clarify the non-uniform reaction of wood during vapor-phase acetylation, spruce wood blocks were exposed to acetic anhydride vapor at 120°C. Weight percent gain (WPG) due to the acetylation was estimated from the equilibrium moisture content at 25°C and 60% relative humidity. The diffusion of reagent vapor was much faster along the longitudinal direction than along the tangential direction. When the end surface was exposed to the reagent vapor for 48?h, 20% WPG, which was known to have sufficient stability and durability, was achieved to a depth of 42.5?mm. However, this depth was only 6.5?mm when the straight-grain surface was exposed. The reaction profiles were successfully approximated using reaction time (t), reaction rate (k′), delay time (t d′), and a parameter n reflecting the diffusion-controlled reaction. The t d′ value increased almost linearly as the depth increased from the surface. The k′ value ranged from 0.02 to 0.03?h?1, regardless of the depth and direction of diffusion. The n value decreased with an increase in the depth and approached 1–2. These values enabled the prediction of the degree of acetylation at any reaction time and positions of wood during vapor-phase acetylation. 相似文献
7.
The vibrational property of hematoxylinimpregnated wood was investigated from the aspect of moisture content dependence. The specific dynamic Young's modulus (E/) and loss tangent (tan) of hematoxylin-impregnated wood were determined in the relative humidity (RH) range of 0%–97%, and were compared with those of the untreated and some conventional chemically treated woods. The changes in theE/ and tan of wood with increasing RH were suppressed by acetylation and formaldehyde treatment because of a marked reduction in the hygroscopicity of the wood. Although the hematoxylin impregnation did not significantly affect the hygroscopicity of the wood, its influence onE/ and tan were similar to that of formaldehyde treatment at low RH and of acetylation at medium RH. It was supposed that at low to medium RH hematoxylin restrains the molecular motion of amorphous substances in the cell wall because of its bulkiness and rigidity. On the other hand, at high RH it seems to work as a plasticizer with adsorbed water molecules. 相似文献
8.
E. Obataya 《Journal of Wood Science》1999,45(2):106-112
The density (), dynamic Young's modulus (E), loss tangent (tanL) in the longitudinal (L) direction, and the dynamic shear modulus (G), loss tangent (tanS) in the LT or LR (T, tangential; R, radial) plane of woods and cane (Arundo donax L.) in air-dried and wet conditions were measured. The acoustic converting efficiency (ACE), expressed by E/3/tanL, and the factors of anisotropy, expressed byE/G and tanS/tanL, of woods were compared with those of the canes. Low-density coniferous woods had higher ACE values and were of a more anisotropic nature than the cane. These woods seemed appropriate for clarinet reed owing to their homogeneous cellular structure. The stability in vibrational properties and the anticreep properties of the woods were enhanced by the acetylation treatment. Professional clarinet players suggested that acetylated Glehn's spruce and sitka spruce were suitable for clarinet reeds.Part of this report was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society at Shizuoka, April 1998 相似文献
9.
Kazuya Minato Yuji Konaka Iris Bremaud Shiro Suzuki Eiichi Obataya 《Journal of Wood Science》2010,56(1):41-46
The potential of muirapiranga (Brosimun sp.) as a substitute material for violin bows was estimated in terms of vibrational properties, and the influence of extractives
on the vibrational properties was examined. The loss tangent of muirapiranga was somewhat higher and the specific dynamic
Young’s modulus was rather lower than the respective values for pernambuco, which is regarded as the best material for violin
bows. Therefore, muirapiranga is a poorer bow material in terms of vibrational properties. Impregnation of crude extractives
from muirapiranga decreased the loss tangent of other wood specimens. The main compounds of the extractives were identified
as xanthyletin and luvangetin. Impregnations of isolated xanthyletin and commercially available methoxsalen, which was tested
as an analogue of luvangetin, markedly decreased the loss tangent of other wood specimens. Methoxsalen and xanthyletin differ
from conventional loss tangent-decreasing substances, namely protosappanin B and hematoxylin, in terms of water insolubility
and the absence of hydroxyl groups. From the similarity in molecular characteristics of loss tangent-decreasing substances
found so far, restriction of molecular motion due to an impregnated substance in the wood matrix is suggested as one loss
tangent-decreasing mechanism. 相似文献
10.
Eiichi Obataya 《Wood Science and Technology》2005,39(6):472-483
Dimensional changes of acetylated wood were measured during wet–dry cycling and heating to clarify the reversible and irreversible
effects of those after-treatments. During wet–dry cycling, the acetylated wood showed slight swelling in its completely dry
condition, while its weight decreased slightly. Similar swelling was recognized when the acetylated wood was heated dry above
140°C. On the other hand, the anomalous effects of wet–dry cycling and heating disappeared after soaking in acetone. It was
considered that the rearrangement of hydrophobic wood polymers during wet–dry cycling and heating induced the expansion of
voids, whereas the wood polymers recovered their initial conformation after soaking in organic liquids. The wet volume of
acetylated wood also exhibited reversible changes during wet–dry cycling. Just after the acetylation, the wood was highly
swollen in acetic anhydride. The swollen volume of acetylated wood was reduced by leaching in water, and additional decrease
in the wet volume resulted from the following drying or boiling. However, the reduced wet volume was recovered almost completely
after acetone-soaking. These results suggested that the water molecules remaining in the hydrophobic region expanded the wet
volume of acetylated wood, while such weakly bound water was easily removable by drying or boiling. 相似文献