Ecosystem services from coffee agroforestry in Central America: estimation using the CAF2021 model     

van Oijen  Marcel  Haggar  Jeremy  Barrios  Mirna  Büchi  Lucie  Cerda  Rolando  Cerretelli  Stefania  López  Erick  de Melo Virginio Filho  Elias  Ospina  Alejandra 《Agroforestry Systems》2022,96(7):969-981

The goal of sustainable coffee production requires multiple functions from agroforestry systems. Many are difficult to quantify and data are lacking, hampering the choice of shade tree species and agronomic management. Process-based modelling may help quantify ecosystem services and disservices. We introduce and apply coffee agroforestry model CAF2021 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5862195). The model allows for complex systems with up to three shade tree species. It simulates coffee yield, timber and fruit production by shade trees, soil loss in erosion, C-sequestration, N-fixation, -emission and -leaching. To calibrate the model, we used multivariate data from 32 different treatments applied in two long-term coffee agroforestry experiments in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Without any further calibration, the model was then applied to agroforestry systems on 89 farms in Costa Rica and 79 in Guatemala where yields had been reported previously in farmer interviews. Despite wide variation in environmental and agronomic conditions, the model explained 36% of yield variation in Costa Rica but only 15% in Guatemala. Model analysis quantified trade-offs between yield and other ecosystem services as a function of fertilisation and shading.

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Linkage disequilibrium and effective population size in Gir cattle selected for yearling weight     

Alejandra M. Toro Ospina  Amanda Marchi Maiorano  Rogrio A. Curi  Guilherme L. Pereira  Maria Eugenia Zerlotti‐Mercadante  Joslaine Noely dos Santos Gonalves Cyrillo  Rusbel R. Aspilcueta‐Borquis  Josineudson A. II de V. Silva 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2019,54(12):1524-1531

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plays an important role in genomic selection and mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL). This study investigated the pattern of LD and effective population size (N_e) in Gir cattle selected for yearling weight. For this purpose, 173 animals with imputed genotypes (from 18 animals genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip and 155 animals genotyped with the Bovine LDv4 panel) were analysed. The LD was evaluated at distances of 25–50 kb, 50–100 kb, 100–500 kb and 0.5–1 Mb. The N_e was estimated based on 5 past generations. The r² values (a measure of LD) were, respectively, .35, .29, .18 and .032 for the distances evaluated. The LD estimates decreased with increasing distance of SNP pairs and LD persisted up to a distance of 100 kb (r² = .29). The N_e was greater in generations 4 and 5 (24 and 30 animals, respectively) and declined drastically after the last generation (12 animals). The results showed high levels of LD and low N_e, which were probably due to the loss of genetic variability as a consequence of the structure of the Gir population studied.  相似文献   

Reproductive resilience: a paradigm shift in understanding spawner‐recruit systems in exploited marine fish          下载免费PDF全文

Susan Lowerre‐Barbieri  Greg DeCelles  Pierre Pepin  Ignacio A Catalán  Barbara Muhling  Brad Erisman  Steven X Cadrin  Josep Alós  Andres Ospina‐Alvarez  Megan M Stachura  Michael D Tringali  Sarah Walters Burnsed  Claire B Paris 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(2):285-312

A close relationship between adult abundance and stock productivity may not exist for many marine fish stocks, resulting in concern that the management goal of maximum sustainable yield is either inefficient or risky. Although reproductive success is tightly coupled with adult abundance and fecundity in many terrestrial animals, in exploited marine fish where and when fish spawn and consequent dispersal dynamics may have a greater impact. Here, we propose an eco‐evolutionary perspective, reproductive resilience, to understand connectivity and productivity in marine fish. Reproductive resilience is the capacity of a population to maintain the reproductive success needed to result in long‐term population stability despite disturbances. A stock's reproductive resilience is driven by the underlying traits in its spawner‐recruit system, selected for over evolutionary timescales, and the ecological context within which it is operating. Spawner‐recruit systems are species specific, have both density‐dependent and fitness feedback loops and are made up of fixed, behavioural and ecologically variable traits. They operate over multiple temporal, spatial and biological scales, with trait diversity affecting reproductive resilience at both the population and individual (i.e. portfolio) scales. Models of spawner‐recruit systems fall within three categories: (i) two‐dimensional models (i.e. spawner and recruit); (ii) process‐based biophysical dispersal models which integrate physical and environmental processes into understanding recruitment; and (iii) complex spatially explicit integrated life cycle models. We review these models and their underlying assumptions about reproductive success vs. our emerging mechanistic understanding. We conclude with practical guidelines for integrating reproductive resilience into assessments of population connectivity and stock productivity.  相似文献   

Effect of the inhibitors phenylalanine arginyl ß-naphthylamide (PAßN) and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP) on expression of genes in multidrug efflux systems of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis     

M.A. Ospina Barrero  P.A.G. Pietralonga  D.G.G. Schwarz  A. Silva Junior  S.O. Paula  M.A.S. Moreira 《Research in veterinary science》2014

The multidrug efflux system in bacteria can reduce antibiotic concentration inside the cell, leading to failure in the treatment of bacterial diseases. This study evaluated the influence of two efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), phenylalanine arginyl ß-naphthylamide (PAßN) and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), on the gene expression of three multidrug efflux systems, AcrAB, AcrEF and EmrAB in Escherichia coli bovine mastitis isolates resistant to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim simultaneously. Each isolate had at least three multidrug efflux system genes. The acrA and acrB had the lowest expression levels in all treatments, while the emrA or emrB showed the highest expression levels in the presence of ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, PAβN and NMP. EPIs also contributed to the decrease in arcF expression when used in combination with ampicillin treatment. Since PAßN showed stronger effects than NMP, it may serve as an alternative to assist in the antimicrobial therapy of mastitis.  相似文献   

Diversity of crop development traits and nitrogen use efficiency among potato cultivars grown under contrasting nitrogen regimes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. A. Ospina  E. T. Lammerts van Bueren  J. J. H. M. Allefs  B. Engel  P. E. L. van der Putten  C. G. van der Linden  P. C. Struik 《Euphytica》2014,199(1-2):13-29

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) requires abundant nitrogen (N) to perform well and has low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). We assessed phenotypic variation among 189 potato cultivars for NUE and the association between NUE and ecophysiological variables describing canopy development (CDv), under high and low N input. In 2009 and 2010, 189 cultivars were grown with N supply (soil N + fertiliser N) of 75 or 180 kg N/ha at Bant, the Netherlands. CDv was assessed weekly as the percentage of soil covered by green potato leaves (%SC). Data were analysed using a model that described CDv as a function of thermal time, based on the Beta function and estimates of cardinal temperatures. Nitrogen significantly affected model-derived, biologically relevant, curve-fit parameters for each cultivar. The t 1 (i.e., thermal time required to reach maximum soil cover (Vx)) was higher at low than at high N. Other parameters were higher at high than at low N, especially Vx and the period over which it was maintained. Nitrogen also affected tuber dry matter yield, tuber size and weight distributions, N content and N uptake but not tuber dry matter percentage. The total area under the %SC curve was highly correlated with yield in both years. Cultivars performing well under high N also performed well under low N. There was large variation in NUE component traits among cultivars; maturity type partially explained this variation. Variables of the CDv model captured this variation, N effects on light interception and its correlation with yield.  相似文献   

Tibiotarsus bone characteristics and tibial dyschondroplasia incidence of broilers fed diets supplemented with leucine and valine          下载免费PDF全文

I. C. Ospina‐Rojas  A. E. Murakami  C. R. A. Duarte  M. I. Sakamoto  P. C. Aguihe  P. C. Pozza  T. C. Santos 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(2):e768-e776

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine and valine levels on tibiotarsus bone characteristics and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia of broilers from day 1 to 21 (Experiment I) and day 21 to 42 post‐hatch (Experiment II). Each experimental phase was evaluated independently. In both experiments, a total of 1,500 one‐day‐old Cobb 500 male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design 5 × 5 factorial arrangement for a total of 25 treatments. The SID leucine and valine levels were ranged from 10.0 to 19.6 g/kg, and 6.0 to 12.0 g/kg from day 1 to 21 post‐hatch, respectively, while day 21 to 42 post‐hatch ranged from 10.0 to 18.0 g leucine/kg, and 5.2 to 11.2 g valine/kg. Serum calcium and phosphorus, bone concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and ash, diameter and Seedor index of the tibiotarsus were not affected (p > .05) by the treatments at 21 or 42 days of age. There was an interaction (p ≤.06) between the SID levels of leucine and valine on tibiotarsus breaking strength at 21 days, but not at 42 days of age (p > .05). Tibiotarsus breaking strength was maximized in broilers from day 1 to 21 with the dietary levels of leucine and valine at 14.2 and 9.0 g/kg respectively. Dietary leucine levels reduced linearly (p < .05) the hypertrophic zone of tibiotarsus cartilage at 21 days of age. Therefore, leucine and valine supplementation interact positively on bone strength of broilers from day 1 to 21 post‐hatch. Leucine can be a useful amino acid for reducing the hypertrophic cartilage zone in broilers from day 1 to 21, but not from day 21 to 42 post‐hatch.  相似文献   

Using Nonesterified Fatty Acids and β-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations During the Transition Period for Herd-Level Monitoring of Increased Risk of Disease and Decreased Reproductive and Milking Performance     

Paula A. Ospina  Jessica A. McArt  Thomas R. Overton  Tracy Stokol  Daryl V. Nydam 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2013

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Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf‐infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological,biorational and chemical control products     

Anuar Morales‐Rodriguez  Aracely Ospina  Daniel C Peck 《Pest management science》2010,66(1):90-99

BACKGROUND: White grubs are the most widespread and damaging pests in turfgrass habitats of the northeast USA, and their management is highly dependent on chemical pesticides. Because this complex includes at least eight species, opportunities for pest management would be enhanced by understanding how susceptibility to control products varies across taxa. The objective of this laboratory study was to measure variation in the susceptibility of four species to 18 biological, biorational and chemical insecticides used as curative controls. RESULTS: Across species, the most efficacious biological and chemical insecticide alternatives were Steinernema scarabaei and chlorpyrifos respectively. For biorational and chemical insecticides, the European chafer [Amphimallon majale (Razoumowsky)] was the least susceptible species. For biologicals, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) was the least susceptible. Considering all control products, the oriental beetle [Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse)] was the most susceptible. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of variation in susceptibility supports the idea that a single product will not reliably suppress populations of all taxa, and highlights the need for pest management practitioners to identify white grub species before intervention. This differential susceptibility could have broader consequences for grub management if a numerically dominant target species is more completely suppressed than a co‐occurring species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

The development of a new breed of sheep in Colombia     

H M Scott  O Ospina  H L Williams 《The British veterinary journal》1990,146(2):106-112

A new breed of sheep has been developed in Colombia by crossing Scottish Blackface rams with the indigenous Criolla ewes and then interbreeding the progeny, with selection based on performance. It has been given the name Manchada Paramuna. The breed has been developed to provide the small producer (campesino) with a breeding ewe which has a high level of fertility, a good fleece, and which produces lambs with high survival rate and good growth rate.  相似文献   

Genome-wide identification of runs of homozygosity islands in the Gyr breed (Bos indicus)     

Alejandra Maria Toro Ospina  Ricardo António da Silva Faria  Anibal Eugenio Vercesi Filho  Joslaine Noely dos Santos Goncalves Cyrillo  Maria Eugenia Zerlotti Mercadante  Rogerio Abdallah Curi  Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos Silva 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2020,55(3):333-342

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are contiguous homozygous regions of the genome. These regions can be used to identify genes associated with traits of economic interest, as well as inbreeding levels. The aim of the present study was to analyse the length and distribution of ROH islands in Gyr cattle and to identify genes within these regions. A population of 173 animals selected for beef production and a population of 291 animals selected for dairy production were used. Differences in the number of short ROH (ROH_{1-2 Mb}) were observed between the two populations, while the number of long ROH (ROH_{>16 Mb}) was similar. ROH islands with the highest incidences (>0.50) overlapped in several segments of the genome in the two populations. The genes identified were associated with milk production, growth, reproduction, immune response and resistance traits. Our results contribute to the understanding of how selection can shape the distribution of ROH and ROH islands within the same breed when animals are selected for different purposes such as dairy or beef production.  相似文献