Eco‐efficiency as a strategy for optimizing the sustainability of pest management     

Roger D Magarey  Sarah SH Klammer  Thomas M Chappell  Christina M Trexler  Godshen R Pallipparambil  Ernie F Hain 《Pest management science》2019,75(12):3129-3134

Agricultural industrialization and the subsequent reliance on pesticides has resulted in numerous unintended consequences, such as impacts upon the environment and by extension human health. Eco‐efficiency is a strategy for sustainably increasing production, while simultaneously decreasing these externalities on ecological systems. Eco‐efficiency is defined as the ratio of production to environmental impacts. It has been widely adopted to improve chemical production, but we investigate the challenges of applying eco‐efficiency to pesticide use. Eco‐efficiency strategies include technological innovation, investment in research and development, improvement of business processes, and accounting for market forces. These components are often part of integrated pest management (IPM) systems that include alternatives to pesticides, but its implementation is often thwarted by commercial realities and technical challenges. We propose the creation and adoption of an eco‐efficiency index for pesticide use so that the broad benefits of eco‐efficient strategies such as IPM can be more readily quantified. We propose an index based upon the ratio of crop yield to a risk quotient (RQ) calculated from pesticide toxicity. Eco‐efficiency is an operational basis for optimizing pest management for sustainability. It naturally favors adoption of IPM and should be considered by regulators, researchers, and practitioners involved in pest management. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Longevity. Hints of a 'master gene' for extreme old age     

Strauss E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5535):1570-1571

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Plants as de-worming agents of livestock in the Nordic countries: historical perspective, popular beliefs and prospects for the future.     

PJ Waller  G Bernes  SM Thamsborg  A Sukura  SH Richter  K Ingebrigtsen  J H?glund 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2001,42(1):31-44

Preparations derived from plants were the original therapeutic interventions used by man to control diseases (including parasites), both within humans and livestock. Development of herbal products depended upon local botanical flora with the result that different remedies tended to develop in different parts of the world. Nevertheless, in some instances, the same or related plants were used over wide geographic regions, which also was the result of communication and/or the importation of plant material of high repute. Thus, the Nordic countries have an ancient, rich and diverse history of plant derived anthelmintic medications for human and animal use. Although some of the more commonly used herbal de-wormers were derived from imported plants, or their products, many are from endemic plants or those that thrive in the Scandinavian environment. With the advent of the modern chemotherapeutic era, and the discovery, development and marketing of a seemingly unlimited variety of highly efficacious, safe synthetic chemicals with very wide spectra of activities, herbal remedies virtually disappeared from the consciousness--at least in the Western world. This attitude is now rapidly changing. There is a widespread resurgence in natural product medication, driven by major threats posed by multi-resistant pest, or disease, organisms and the diminishing public perceptions that synthetic chemicals are the panacea to health and disease control. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the depth of historical Nordic information available on herbal de-wormers, with emphasis on livestock and to provide some insights on potentially rewarding areas of "re-discovery" and scientific evaluation in this field.  相似文献   

Isobaric bubble growth: a consequence of altering atmospheric gas     

R H Strauss  T D Kunkle 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,186(4162):443-444

During certain treatments of decompression sickness following dives made with compressed air, the U.S. Navy advocates breathing helium-oxygen mixtures. However, stable nitrogen bubbles created within gelatin by decompression have been found to enlarge when the atmosphere was switched from nitrogen to helium without changing ambient pressure. This suggests that decompression sickness would be worsened by switching from nitrogen to helium in the breathing gas mixture.  相似文献   

Ultrasonographic biometry of the normal eye of the Persian cat     

A Mirshahi  SH Shafigh  M Azizzadeh 《Australian veterinary journal》2014,92(7):246-249

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烟草生产全程机械化作业研究     

余铭华  林绍武  施恩  郝东  徐恒光  李静超  李名荣 《湖南农业科学》2014,(20)

为了探索烟叶生产过程中各机械的性能及工作效率,2013年在福建省建阳市莒口镇河坝新村开展了烟叶生产全程机械化作业试点研究。结果表明,起垄环节,碎土率方面邵武华友履带式起垄机表现最好(89.9%),沟底积土方面松溪永顺表现最好;覆膜环节,各测试机型表现中等,在效率方面优于人工覆膜;移栽环节,漏栽率上江苏久泰移栽机高于江苏井关移栽机;培土环节,漳州南冠培土机操作简便,掉头灵活,单人操作,单行双侧作业,深受烟农喜爱;拔杆环节,龙岩诚德拔杆机单人操作,操作简便,动力较足,拔杆顺畅,拔杆带土较少,效果较好,适应性较强。  相似文献   

Application of an enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for rapid screening of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (DHP) in blood plasma of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus.     

M Dehnhard  T Hildebrandt  M Rohleder  G Strauss  H H Meyer  F G?ritz 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2001,114(5-6):161-165

Populations of African (Loxodonta Africana) and Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in zoos and safari parks are at risk due to their low reproductive success. To extend the limited knowledge of their reproductive physiology, the development of easy and practical methods for the analysis of the relevant reproductive hormones is essential to support e.g. assisted reproduction. For the measurement of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (DHP), the predominant ovarian gestagen in both species, an enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) based on commercial reagents was applied. Advantages of this EIA are the small volume of plasma needed for evaluation (5 microliters) and the possibility of direct processing without an extraction stage. The lower limit of detection was 0.16 ng/ml, the mean recovery was 101% and the mean coefficients of variation were 7.3% (intra-assay) and 9.9% (inter-assay). In Asian elephants, DHP levels reached 15 ng/ml during the luteal phase and up to 21 ng/ml during pregnancy. Estrous cycle lengths based on the lowest DHP concentrations varied from 12 to 20 weeks (mean 15.4 +/- 2.3). In two Asian elephant cows a calf was still-borne. Thereafter, the animals reassumed ovarian activity after approximately 8 and 13 weeks, respectively. In one animal estradiol implants for hormonal contraception caused a down regulation of the ovarian function as demonstrated by an irregular pattern of DHP secretion over a period of 48 weeks. We propose the direct DHP-EIA as a suitable method for reproductive monitoring in elephants, as it can be easily established in laboratories.  相似文献   

Microbiology. Detoxifying enzyme helps animals stomach bacteria     

Strauss E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5858):1853-1854

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Path-Coefficient Analysis of Seed Yield Components in Euphorbia lathyris L.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W. Hondelmann  D. D. Strauss 《Plant Breeding》1990,105(2):112-116

The interrelationships of seed yield components in Euphorbia lathyris L. have been studied by means of path-coefficient analysis. Two of seven components, ‘Number of flowers of primary inflorescence’ and ‘Number of flowers of secondary inflorescences’ proved to be of major importance through direct effects on ‘Total number of fruits’ as indicator of seed yield. Indirect effects generally arc being canalized via the same variables. Selection for seed yield is made possible through the relation between ‘Number of secondary branches’ and ‘Number of flowers of secondary inflorescences’.  相似文献   

Molecular analysis of the hotspot of recombination in the murine major histocompatibility complex   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  

J A Kobori  E Strauss  K Minard  L Hood 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,234(4773):173-179

Biological and serological assays have been used to define four subregions for the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the order I-A, I-B, I-J, and I-E. The I-J subregion presumably encodes the I-J polypeptide of the elusive T-cell suppressor factors. Restriction enzyme site polymorphisms and DNA sequence analyses of the I region from four recombinant mouse strains were used to localize the putative I-B and I-J subregions to a 1.0-kilobase (kb) region within the E beta gene. Sequencing this region from E beta clones derived from the two mouse strains: B10.A(3R), I-Jb and B10.A(5R), I-Jk initially used to define the I-J subregion revealed that these regions are identical, hence the distinct I-Jb and I-Jk molecules cannot be encoded by this DNA. In addition, the DNA sequence data also refute the earlier mapping of the I-B subregion. Analysis of the DNA sequences of three parental and four I region recombinants reveals that the recombinant events in three of the recombinant strains occurred within a 1-kb region of DNA, supporting the proposition that a hotspot for recombination exists in the I region. The only striking feature of this hotspot is a tetramer repeat (AGGC)n that shows 80 percent homology to the minisatellite sequence which may facilitate recombination in human chromosomes.  相似文献