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Sabine Augustin Jan Evers Hans-Peter Dietrich Johannes Eichhorn Thomas Haussmann Regina Icke Ansgar Isenberg Wolfgang Lux Monica Musio Hans Pretzsch Winfried Riek Thomas Rötzer Bernd Schultze Andreas Schulze Jörg Schröder Walter Seidling Nicole Wellbrock Klaus von Wilpert Barbara Wolff 《European Journal of Forest Research》2005,124(4):251-260
In the 1970s unexpected forest damages, called “new type of forest damage” or “forest decline”, were observed in Germany and
other European countries. The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Federal States implemented a forest monitoring system
in the early 1980s, in order to monitor and assess the forest condition. Due to the growing public awareness of possible adverse
effects of air pollution on forests, in 1985 the ICP Forests was launched under the convention on long-range transboundary
air pollution (CLRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE). The German experience in forest monitoring
was a base for the implementation of the European monitoring system. In 2001 the interdisciplinary case study “concept and
feasibility study for the integrated evaluation of environmental monitoring data in forests”, funded by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research, concentrated on in-depths evaluations of the German data of forest monitoring. The objectives
of the study were: (a) a reliable assessment of the vitality and functioning of forest ecosystems, (b) the identification
and quantification of factors influencing forest vitality, and (c) the clarification of cause-effect-relationships leading
to leaf/needle loss. For these purposes additional data from external sources were acquired: climate and deposition, for selected
level I plots tree growth data, as well as data on groundwater quality. The results show that in particular time series analysis
(crown condition, tree growth, and tree ring analysis), in combination with climate and deposition are valuable and informative,
as well as integrated evaluation of soil, tree nutrition and crown condition data. Methods to combine information from the
extensive and the intensive monitoring, and to transfer process information to the large scale should be elaborated in future.
相似文献
Sabine AugustinEmail: |
3.
Kinzel S Hein S Stopinski T Koch J Buecker A Treusacher HP Schmachtenberg A Jansen T Eble M Küpper W 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,116(3-4):134-138
This study describes the experience with hypofractionated radiation therapy of squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma in dogs and cats. A total dose of 32-48 Gray (Gy) was delivered once a week in 8 Gy fractions. 34 animals in which a complete surgical excision was impossible were treated. There was no tumor detectable macroscopically in 14 patients at the beginning of radiation therapy. In 20 animals the median volume of the tumor was 9.9 cm3. The median survival times and the local tumor control of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral and nasal cavities and of the body are comparable to results which were reached with a Monday-Wednesday-Friday scheme. For the treatment of Melanoma the hypofractionated radiation therapy is first choice. There are no significant side effects. Late side effects did not occur. 88% of the owners are satisfied with this kind of treatment and would choose it again. 相似文献
4.
Arts MJ Grun C de Jong RL Voss HP Bast A Mueller MJ Haenen GR 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(17):7010-7014
Although hardly any polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are present in the endproduct, the ingredients used for the production of beer contain a high concentration of PUFAs, such as linolic and linolenic acid. These compounds are readily oxidized, resulting in the formation of lipid-derived products that reduce the taste and quality of beer enormously. During mashing relatively high amounts of PUFAs are exposed to atmospheric oxygen at a relatively high temperature. This makes mashing a critical step in the brewing process with regard to the formation of lipid-derived off-taste products. F1 phytoprostane (PPF1) changes in antioxidant capacity and monohydroxy fatty acids (OH-FAs) were used as markers for the detection of oxidative damage to fatty acids during mashing. The pattern of OH-FA formation indicates that enzymatic oxidation of PUFAs is more important than nonenzymatic oxidation during the mashing process. Nevertheless, substantial nonenzymatic radical formation is evident from the increase of specific OH-FAs and PPF1s. It was found that a low oxygen tension reduces oxidative damage and gives a high antioxidant capacity of the mashing mixture. This indicates that mashing should be done under low oxygen pressure. 相似文献
5.
M. Goerke R. Mosenthin D. Jezierny N. Sauer H.‐P. Piepho U. Messerschmidt M. Eklund 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(6):1154-1165
A total of 36 piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 5.6 ± 0.7 kg, fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the distal ileum, were used to evaluate the effect of three graded feeding levels (50, 75 or 100 g/kg BW0.75 day) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy, and on ATTD of organic matter (OM), ether extracts (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) content in soybean meal (SBM)–casein–cornstarch‐based diets. The AID of DM, N and energy and ATTD of NDF, ADF and EE in the diets were not affected (p > 0.05) by the feed intake (FI) level. There was a small decrease in ATTD of DM, N (CP), OM, ash and energy, and in DE, ME and NE content in the diets (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The net disappearance in the large intestine (in % of ileal recovery) decreased for DM, N and energy (p < 0.05) with increasing FI level. The design of the study allowed for estimating ileal endogenous loss of N and total tract endogenous loss of ash, N and EE, for estimating corresponding true ileal and total tract digestibility values, and for estimating urinary endogenous N loss. High variability in estimates of ileal endogenous N loss and total tract endogenous losses of N, EE and ash reflects great variation in individual endogenous losses between animals. Estimation of true total tract digestibility of N, EE and ash by regression analysis was affected by their decrease in ATTD with increasing FI level, as estimates for true digestibility were lower compared to their apparent values. The present results suggest that FI level can affect both apparent and true total tract nutrient digestibility in piglets. 相似文献
6.
Field trials with perennial crops give rise to repeated measurements taken on the same plot on several occasions. It is important to account for serial correlation among repeated measurements in such trials. This study illustrates the use of mixed models for this purpose. We consider the analysis of trials conducted at several locations and the combination of trials with different starting years. A key issue in the analysis is the distinction between effects of calendar years, which are associated with external environmental variation, and harvest years, which represent internal yield formation processes of the perennial crop. Two methods of two‐stage analysis are compared with single‐stage analysis. It is shown that results of two‐stage analysis are very similar to those of single‐stage analysis, if serial correlation is properly taken into account. Program code for the MIXED procedure of the SAS system is given in an Appendix S1 for all considered cases. 相似文献
7.
8.
Summary There is an increasing number of stability parameters for genotypes grown in different environments. It is therefore useful to study the statistical relations between these parameters. One approach is the calculation of rank correlations between different stability parameters in empirical data sets. In the data analysed there are high rank correlations between ecovalence Wi, deviation mean square s2
di, the nonparametric measures Si
(1), Si
(2), and two new measures Ri and Li as well as between environmental variance S2
xi and regression coefficient bi. The results suggest that Si
(1), Si
(2), Li, and Ri can be used as alternatives to Wi and the stability variance 2
i. This may be worthwhile, if certain statistical assumptions do not hold, particularly if significance testing is needed. 相似文献
9.
Mixed modelling for QTL × environment interaction analysis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Phenotypic data for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies are typically generated at multiple environments in order
to broaden the inference space. Many aspects of the usually complex design call for a mixed modelling approach taking into
account various sources of variation, e.g., incomplete blocks, a spatial error structure, genetic correlations due to the
pedigree, and random environmental effects, including QTL × E interaction. Perhaps the most important source of random variation
is the genetic correlation across environment, which arises when the same set of lines is tested in each environment. This
correlation is likely to be positive, and ignoring it will lead to an increased rate of false positives. In this paper, we
present a mixed modelling framework for QTL mapping based on complex data from multiple environments. Our main focus is on
an appropriate modelling for the non-QTL part. The methodology will be illustrated using a barley data set from a BC2F2:5 advanced backcross trial.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Analysis of Unbalanced Data by Mixed Linear Models Using the mixed Procedure of the SAS System 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Unbalanced data are a common problem in plant research based on designed experiments. Such data are often conveniently analysed using linear mixed models. Recent developments in mixed model theory have been implemented in major packages. This paper describes the use of the mixed procedure of the SAS System for the analysis of designed experiments. Special emphasis is given to the specification of options as depending on the assumed mixed model and on the unbalancedness in the data. In addition, we consider a compact representation of multiple comparisons for unbalanced data (letter display). Two small data sets are used to exemplify the methods. 相似文献